DATA COLLECTION

• Compilation and interpretation of primary

and secondary sources of information.

• The integration of different sources will

consolidate the write up of the report.
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Primary Source Secondary Source

• Data is collected by • Data collected,
researcher himself compiled or
written by other
• Data is gathered researchers eg. books,
through questionnaire, journals, newspapers
interviews, • Any reference must
observations etc. be acknowledged
 STEPS TO COLLECT DATA
REVIEW
REVIEW& &COMPILE
COMPILESECONDARY
SECONDARYSOURCE
SOURCEINFORMATION
INFORMATION
((Referred
Referredtotoininthe
theBACKGROUND/
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONsection
sectionof
ofreport)
report)

 
 
PLAN
PLAN&&DESIGN
DESIGNDATA
DATACOLLECTION
COLLECTIONINSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS
TO
TOGATHER
GATHERPRIMARY
PRIMARYINFORMATION
INFORMATION
(Referred
(Referredtotoininthe
theFINDINGS,
FINDINGS,CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS&&
 
  RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONSsections sectionsof
ofreport)
report)
 
 

DATA
DATACOLLECTION
COLLECTION

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

 METHODS USED
TO COLLECT
PRIMARY SOURCE DATA

1. Interviews
2. Questionnaires
3. Case Study
4. Observation

However, for a small-scale study, the most commonly used

methods are interviews, survey questionnaires and observations.
Effective way Involves verbal
of gathering and non-verbal
information communications

INTERVIEW

Can be conducted
face to face, by telephone,
online or through mail
 Advantages of Interview as a
Research Tool
• All types of persons can be covered by this method

• Highly flexible tool

• Helps to obtain the most accurate information

• Helps in probing and secure explanation

 Types of Interview
• Structured Interview

• unstructured Interview

• Focused Interview

• Depth Interview

• Panel Interview
 Guidelines for conducting
Interviews
1. Set up interview time
2. Introduction Letter
3. Establish rapport with the respondents
4. Allay the fear of the respondents
5. Interview atmosphere
6. Technical devices
7. Be on the Brass-Tracks
8. Presence of other people
9. Off-the record remarks
10. Questions
11. Controversial Matters
12. Less Talk
13. Attain a proper exit
Steps To An Effective Interview
Prepare your interview schedule

Select your subjects/ key informants

Conduct the interview

Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview

 The most common Useful to collect
data collection instrument quantitative and qualitative
information

Survey
Questionnaire

Should contain 3 elements:

1. Introduction – to explain the objectives
2. Instructions – must be clear, simple language & short
3. User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions
 2 Basic Types of survey
questions:
1. Open-ended Questions 2. Close-ended Questions
– Free-response – Dichotomous question
(Text Open End) – Multiple-choice
– Fill-in relevant – Rank
information – Scale
– Categorical
– Numerical
Principles of Questionnaire Writing
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Bad: “Tell me what you think about this product?”
• Good “On a scale from 1 to 10 how fresh is this
bagel?”
(circle one)
Very Stale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Fresh
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Bad: What is your income level?
$0 - $10,000
$10,000 - $20,000
$20,000 - $30,000
$30,000 or more.
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing
• Be clear and precise.
• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing
• Be clear and precise.
• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Bad: “Moribund 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lively”
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
• Bad: “Why isn’t this brand better liked?”
• Good: “What is it that you like least about this brand?”
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
• Avoid double-barreled questions.
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
• Avoid double-barreled questions.
• Bad: “Do you like the taste and the feel of this brand?”
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
• Avoid double-barreled questions.
• State explicit alternatives.
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing
• Be clear and precise.
• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
• Avoid double-barreled questions.
• State explicit alternatives.
• “Does it seem possible or does it seem impossible to
you that the Nazi extermination of the Jews never
happened?”
 Principles of Questionnaire Writing

• Be clear and precise.

• Response choices should not overlap.
• Use natural and familiar language.
• Do not use words or phrases that show bias.
• Avoid double-barreled questions.
• State explicit alternatives.
• Questions should be reliable and valid.
 Physical form of Questionnaire
• Size
Size of the questionnaire depends upon the scope of the survey
A normally designed questionnaire of monarch size (7 by 10 inches )
can generally be expected to produce higher percentage of returns than
one which is of letter head size
(8 ½ by 11 inches)
 Physical form of Questionnaire
• Number of Pages:
Normally 4 or maximum 8 pages of questionnaire, can be considered
its optimum length

• Lay-out:
it includes ,
- Neat and printed page
- easy to read and easy to fill up
- page should not be over crowded
- It is advisable to group questions into sections by subject matters
- should be numbered
 Physical form of Questionnaire
• Instructions:
Instructions deals with how the respondent should answer the
question
In order to distinguish instructions from questions, distinctive type(such
as capital or italics) is commonly used

• Quality and colour:

The paper should be durable
white and light coloured questionnaires are preferable
when several questionnaires are sent in sequence, alteration of
colour
elicits more return than single colour
 Physical form of Questionnaire
• Arrangement of Items in questionnaire:
-It should be attractive
-when the number of question is large , they should be condensed in a
very limited space

• Covering Letter:
- the purpose of the questionnaire should be stated in
covering letter
- Assurance should be given that the information wanted
will be given confidential treatment
 Physical form of Questionnaire
• Follow –up letters:
- It is used where the questionnaires are placed and return through
the mail
 Steps To An Effective Survey Questionnaire
Prepare your survey questions
(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies)

Select your respondents/sampling

Random/Selected

Administer the survey questionnaire

(date, venue, time )

Tabulate data collected

(Statistical analysis-frequency/mean/correlation/% )

Analyze and interpret data collected

 Observe verbal &
non-verbal communication, Need to keep
surrounding atmosphere, meticulous records of
culture & situation the observations

Observations

Can be done through discussions,

observations of habits, rituals,
review of documentation,
experiments
 Types of Observation
• Structured Observation

• Unstructured Observation

• Participant Observation

• Non-Participative Observation
 Aids in the fields of Observation
• Detailed field notes
• Photographs
• Maps
• Schedule
• Sociometric scale
• Behaviour Diaries
• Periodic Summaries
• Checklists
Basic principles of Observation

 The problem should be formulated and specific points

needing investigation should be decided

 Device a method of recording the results

 Observe carefully and critically

 Rate specific phenomena independently

 Well acquaint with the recording instrument

Steps To An Effective Observation
Determine what needs to be observed
(Plan, prepare checklist, how to record data)

Select your participants

Random/Selected

Conduct the observation

(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs )

Compile data collected

Analyze and interpret data collected

‘How’ and ‘why’ of research Researcher has little contro
question Over events

Case Study

Focus is on contemporary phenomenon

within
real-life context
 Goals of Case Study
A case study is an empirical enquiry that
• investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth
and within its real-life context, especially when
• the boundaries between phenomenon and context
are not clearly evident.

Exploratory
Descriptive
Explanatory
 Logic of Case study

PREPARE

PLAN DESIGN COLLECT

SHARE ANALYZE
 Design

PREPARE

PLAN DESIGN COLLECT

SHARE ANALYZE
 Components of case Design

• Questions of a study
• Propositions
• Unit(s) of analysis
• Logic linking the data to the propositions
• Criteria for interpreting the findings
 Preparing for data collection

PREPARE

PLAN DESIGN COLLECT

SHARE ANALYZE
 Desired skills

• Ask good questions

• Be a good ”listener”
• Be adaptive and flexible
• Have a firm grasp of the issues being
studied
• Be unbiased by preconceived notions
 Collecting case study evidence

PREPARE

PLAN DESIGN COLLECT

SHARE ANALYZE
 Sources of evidence
• Documentation
• Archival records
• Interviews
• Direct observation
• Participant observation
• Physical artefacts
 Analysis

PREPARE

PLAN DESIGN COLLECT

SHARE ANALYZE
 General strategies

• Relying on theoretical propositions

• Developing a case description
• Using both qualitative and quantitative data
• Examining rival explanations
 Reporting case study

PREPARE

PLAN DESIGN COLLECT

SHARE ANALYZE
 Issues in reporting
• There is no any stereotypic form
• Structures for case study reports:
– Linear-analytic (for all types)
– Comparative (for all types)
– Chronological (for all types)
– Theory-building (for explanatory and exploratory)
– Suspense (only for explanatory)
– Unsequenced (only for descriptive)