CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY
 OVERVIEW OF VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY
 TYPES OF VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
What is Cryptography ?

Plain Text/image Encryption Cipher

Plain Text /image Decryption Channel

TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHY:
 VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY
What is Visual Cryptography ?

 Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which

allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be
encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be
performed by the human visual system.

 Visual cryptography was pioneered by Moni Naor and

Adi Shamir in 1994
Suppose the data D is divided into n shares
 D can be constructed from any k shares out of n

 Complete knowledge of k-1 shares reveals no

information about D
 k of n shares is necessary to reveal secret data.
EXAMPLE

 6 thieves share a bank account

 They don’t trust one another

 The thieves split up the password for the account in

such a way that:
 Any 3 or more thieves working together can have
access to account, but NOT < 3.
OVERVIEW OF V.C
Share1

Stacking the share

reveals the secret

Share2

Encryption Decryption
 GENERAL K OUT OF K SCHEME
 Matrix size = k x 2k-1
 S0 : handles the white pixels
 All 2k-1 columns have an even number of 1’s

 S1 : handles the black pixels

 All 2k-1 columns have an odd number of 1’s
BASIS MATRICES
 The two matrices S0,S1 are called basis matrices, if the
two collections C0,C1 as defines in [1] are obtained by
rearranging the columns of S0,S1 satisfy the following
condition:

the row vectors V0,V1 obtained by performing

OR operation on rows i1,i2,…..iv of S0,S1 respectively,
satisfy
(V0) ≤ tX - (m) m and (V1) ≥ tX
 Where tx is the threshold to visually interpret pixel as
black or white.

tX = min((V1(M)))

 (m) is the contrast or relative difference

(m) = {min((V1(M))) - max((V0(M)))}  m

 Example: the basis matrices and the collections of the encoding
matrices in the conventional (2,2) scheme can be written as:

Here, the pixel expansion is m=2. For any matrix M  C0, the row
vector V0= OR (r1,r2) satisfies (V0) =1. For any M  C1, the row
vector V1= OR (r1,r2) satisfies (V1) =2.
The threshold is given by:

tX = min((V1(M))) = 2

Having a relative difference:

(m) = {min((V1(M))) - max((V0(M)))}  m = 1/2

IMPLEMENTATION

FIG 1
 A pixel P is split into two sub pixels in each of the two
shares.
• If P is white, then a coin toss is used to randomly
choose one of the first two rows in the figure above.
• If P is black, then a coin toss is used to randomly
choose one of the last two rows in the figure above.
 Then the pixel P is encrypted as two sub pixels in each
of the two shares, as determined by the chosen row in the
figure. Every pixel is encrypted using a new coin toss.
 Now let's consider what happens when we superimpose
the two shares.
• If P is black, then we get two black sub pixels when we
superimpose the two shares;
 If P is white, then we get one black sub pixel and one white
sub pixel when we superimpose the two shares.
 Thus, we can say that the reconstructed pixel (consisting of
two sub pixels) has a grey level of 1 if P is black, and a grey
level of 1/2 if P is white. There will be a 50% loss of contrast
in the reconstructed image, but it is still visible.
 Interesting, right?
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