Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1st Session
► Describe the nature of a business and the role and purpose of accounting in business
► Describe the accounting concepts and principles and constraints
► State the accounting equation and define each element of the equation
► Introduction to debits and credits
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Trivia on accounting
Fr. Luca Pacioli (1447 – 1517), an Italian friar is the father of accounting. He published a book for the
double entry system of accounting. He was a friend of Leonardo da Vinci
Vicente Fabella (founder of Jose Rizal University) is the first registered CPA in the Philippines. He
obtained the first CPA certificate (#001).
Accounting is the “language of business”
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
What is a business?
► A business is an organization in which basic resources (inputs), such as materials and labor, are
assembled and processed to provide goods or services (outputs) to customers. The objective of most
businesses is to earn a profit.
► Profit is the difference between the amounts received from customers for goods and services and the
amounts paid for the inputs used to provide goods or services
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
The role of Accounting in business
Accounting can be defined as an information system that provides reports to users about economic
activities and conditions of a business. Economic activities are those transactions that can be quantified
in terms of money.
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Checkpoint
Exercise 1.1 – Determine if the following events can be considered “economic activities”
a. You are the business owner of a hair salon. You have serviced a customer for a haircut.
b. There were some people who came into your salon and asked for solicitation. Out of empathy, you gave
cash out of your earnings for the day.
c. You were informed that your customer the other day died of an unknown illness.
d. You went to a mall to do window shopping
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
What is accounting?
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
What is accounting?
a. Recording - the process of journalizing the transactions that is relevant to a business entity.
b. Classifying – the process of grouping the transactions according to elements, such as the assets,
liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses
c. Summarizing – the process of preparing the financial statements
d. Interpreting – the process of assessing and evaluating financial statements to be able to make a sound
decision
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
What is the purpose of accounting?
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Who are the users of financial information?
► There are several stakeholders that are interested in the financial information of entities. They are
classified into two (2) groups, namely: Internal users and External users.
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Checkpoint
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Who are the users of financial information?
a. Business owners and stockholders – to evaluate the financial performance of the company in
consideration of their investment.
b. Employees – to determine if their employer is still profitable. They are checking if their employer can
still pay their renumerations and benefits
c. Management – to check if their strategy in planning, controlling and directing are still effective to earn
profit
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Who are the users of financial information?
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Fields in Accounting
1. Public accounting – This encompasses auditing, tax services and management advisory services.
2. Private accounting – This includes accountants working in a private company with roles such as
bookkeepers, cost accounting, financial planning and budgeting and internal audit
3. Government accounting – Those accountants working in the government e.g. national/local units,
commission on audit, department of finance, etc.
4. Education – Teachers of accounting
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Accounting concepts and principles
► Accounting concepts and principles are divided into two (2) types:
a. Fundamental Qualitative
1. Relevance – composed of predictive value, confirmatory value and materiality. This means that
the financial information is capable to in making difference.
1.1 Predictive value - helps the user determine forecasts or projections of a certain event
1.2 Confirmatory value – helps the user check if an expectation has been fulfilled or met
1.3 Materiality – a threshold that determines if an omission or misstatement of an information will lead to
influence users in their decision-making process
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Accounting concepts and principles
2. Faithful representation – a financial information must be neutral, free from material error and complete
to convey the information that should be cascaded to users.
a. Neutrality – free from bias. The financial information has been prepared objectively and in
accordance with the accounting standards.
b. Free from material error - the financial information is prepared in a meticulous way and generated
from the best data available
c. Completeness – all information that should have been included is included. Information that can help
users for decision making
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Accounting concepts and principles
b. Enhancing Qualitative
1. Understandability – the presentation of financial information must be clear and, in most cases, concise.
This requires that the users have ample knowledge to interpret the financial information.
2. Comparability – the financial information presented can be compared with other entities or with the
same period of another timeframe.
3. Verifiability – the financial information should always represent the best data available.
4. Timeliness – the financial information must be readily available whenever the users will make a
decision
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Accounting concepts and principles
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Accounting concepts and principles
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Checkpoint
Seatwork 1.1
Identification: Determine which accounting assumption/concept is being identified in the following
statements.
1. This assumption conveys that personal and business record-keeping should be separately
maintained
2. This principle ensures that all relevant financial information is reported
3. This principle requires recognition of expenses in the same period as related revenues
4. This assumption indicates that a business is assumed to have indefinite life
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Accounting constraints
These constraints are the limitations or boundaries in application of the accounting principles.
1. Cost-Benefit principle – The benefit derived from the information should exceed the cost of obtaining
the information.
2. Materiality concept – An item is considered as “material” if the knowledge of it would affect or influence
the decisions of the users of the financial information. The concept of materiality is relative, meaning
every entity has different considerations on what they deem as material.
3. Conservatism/Prudence - This is a concept wherein if an entity is in doubt of two or more acceptable
actions on the matter, the entity must choose the action that will less likely beneficial to them.
4. Industry practice – Simply following what is being done by the industry you belong
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Types of business - ownership
1. Sole proprietorship – owned by an individual. This is usually common for low-tier businesses such as
grocery store, dental clinics, salons, etc.
2. Partnership – Business is owned by two or more individuals
3. Corporation – Duly registered in the Securities and Exchange Commission as a corporation. Usually
composed of more than 5 individuals and having shares of stock as evidence of ownership.
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
The Accounting Equation
1. Assets - Economic resources owned by the business which benefit current and future operations.
2. Liabilities - Obligations of the business which are to be paid in cash or non-cash assets, or settled by
rendering some form of services
3. Owner’s equity / Net assets - The residual claim of the owner in the assets of the business after
satisfying the claims of the creditors.
4. Income - This represents inflow of economic resources that increase owner’s equity other than the
investment of the owner
5. Expense - This represents outflow of economic resources that decrease owner’s equity other than the
withdrawal of the owner.
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
The Financial Statements
The financial statements are the product of accounting. This is the summary of the financial information
and the way the business conveys its financial results.
1. Statement of financial position – commonly known as the “balance sheet”. This identifies the financial
position of the company. This shows the assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at a certain point in time.
2. Statement of financial performance - this details a company's revenues, expenses and net income.
3. Statement of Changes in Equity – this statement summarizes the movement of the owner’s equity. This
can be expressed as: beginning equity + additional investments – withdrawals + income – expenses =
ending equity
4. Statement of cash flows - provides aggregate data regarding all cash inflows a company receives from its
ongoing operations and external investment sources
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
The Financial Statements
The financial statements are the product of accounting. This is the summary of the financial information
and the way the business conveys its financial results.
1. Statement of financial position – commonly known as the “balance sheet”. This identifies the financial
position of the company. This shows the assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at a certain point in time.
2. Statement of financial performance - this details a company's revenues, expenses and net income.
3. Statement of Changes in Equity – this statement summarizes the movement of the owner’s equity. This
can be expressed as: beginning equity + additional investments – withdrawals + income – expenses =
ending equity
4. Statement of cash flows - provides aggregate data regarding all cash inflows a company receives from its
ongoing operations and external investment sources
5. Notes to financial statements – provides additional information that are essential to understanding
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Checkpoint
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
The Debit and Credit Concept
Debit – left side of a “T- account”. This is the NORMAL BALANCE of an ASSET and EXPENSE.
Credit – right side of a “T-account”. This is the NORMAL BALANCE of LIABILITIES, OWNER’S
EQUITY and INCOME.
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Introduction to Accounting
1st Session
Summary of the Rules of Debit and Credit
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