Edexcel - Chemistry - Topics 9 & 10 - KnowIT - AS - A Level

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PiXL KnowIT!
AS/Year 1 Chemistry

Edexcel Topics 9 & 10:

Kinetics I & Equilibrium I

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Overview
Topics 7 & 8
Kinetics I
• Collision theory
• Maxwell-Boltzmann
• Factors affecting rate of reaction
• Calculating rate of reaction
• Catalysts
Equilibrium I
• Dynamic equilibrium
• Effect of temperature, concentration
and pressure on homogeneous systems
• Kc for homogenous and heterogeneous
systems
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Kinetics I
Part 1
Collision theory
If a chemical reaction is to take place between two particles, they

must first collide. The number of collisions between particles per
unit time in a system is known as the collision frequency of the
system.

The collision frequency of a given system can be altered by changing
the concentration of the reactants, by changing the total pressure,
by changing the temperature or by changing the size of the reacting
particles.
Collision theory
Not all collisions result in a chemical reaction. Most collisions just

result in the colliding particles bouncing off each other.
Collisions which do not result in a reaction are known as

unsuccessful collisions. Unsuccessful collisions happen when the
colliding species do not have enough energy to break the necessary
bonds. If they do not have sufficient energy, the collision will not
result in a chemical reaction.
If they have sufficient energy, they will react and the collision will be
successful. The combined energy of the colliding particles is known
as the collision energy.
Collision theory and Maxwell- Boltzmann
Not all the particles in a given system have the same energy; they
have a broad distribution of different energies.
The distribution of molecular energies at a characteristic

temperature T1 can be represented graphically. It is known as a
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution:
Collision theory and Maxwell- Boltzmann
At a higher temperature, the distribution of energies will be

different; the mean energy will be higher and the distribution will be
broader.
The greater the mean kinetic energy of the particles, the greater
the collision energy.
Collision theory and activation energy
The minimum energy the colliding particles need in order to react is

known as the activation energy.
If the collision energy of the colliding particles is less than the

activation energy, the collision will be unsuccessful.
If the collision energy is equal to or greater than the activation

energy, the collision will be successful and a reaction will take place.

The activation energy can be changed by the addition of a catalyst.
QuestionIT!
Kinetics I
Part 1
Kinetics I part 1 – QuestionIT
1. Define the term ‘collision frequency’.
2. How can collision frequency be altered?
3. Define the term ‘collision energy’.
4. When do unsuccessful collisions happen?
5. What is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve?
6. Define the term ‘activation energy’.

AnswerIT!
Kinetics I
Part 1
1. Define the term ‘collision frequency’.

The number of collisions between particles per unit time in a
system.
2. How can collision frequency be altered?

By changing the concentration of the reactants, by changing the
total pressure, by changing the temperature or by changing the
size of the reacting particles.
3. Define the term ‘collision energy’.

The combined energy of colliding particles.
4. When do unsuccessful collisions happen?

When the colliding species do not have enough energy to break
the necessary bonds.
5. What is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve?

The distribution of molecular energies at a characteristic
temperature T1 represented graphically.
6. Define the term ‘activation energy’.

The minimum energy the colliding particles need in order to react.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Kinetics I
Part 2
• Factors affecting rate of
reaction
Concentration
The greater the concentration of the species in a liquid or gaseous

mixture, the greater the number of species per unit volume and the
greater the collision frequency.
An increase in concentration causes the rate of reaction to increase

by increasing the collision frequency.

The collision energy, activation energy and the fraction of successful
collisions are unaffected.

An increase in concentration increases the rate of reaction because
- the number of particles per unit volume increases
- so the collision frequency increases
.
Temperature
An increase in temperature changes the distribution of molecular

energies so there is an increase in the mean kinetic energy of the
particles and therefore an increase in the collision energy.
An increase in temperature will increase the number of colliding

particles with an energy equal to or greater than the activation
energy.
Pressure
The greater the pressure in a gaseous mixture, the greater the

number of species per unit volume and the greater the frequency
collision.
An increase in pressure causes the rate of reaction to increase by

increasing the collision frequency. The pressure of a system is
generally increased by reducing its volume.

The collision energy, activation energy and hence the fraction of
successful collisions are unaffected.

An increase in pressure increases the rate of reaction because
- the number of particles per unit volume increases
Surface area
The greater the surface area the more particles are exposed on the
surface and the greater the frequency of collisions.
An increase in surface area causes the rate of reaction to increase

by increasing the collision frequency.

The collision energy, activation energy and hence the fraction of

successful collisions are unaffected.

An increase in surface area increases the rate of reaction because
- the number of particles at the surface increases
Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance which changes the rate of a chemical

reaction without itself being chemically altered at the end of the
reaction.

Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway, usually by
introducing an extra step into the reaction, which has a lower
activation energy than the uncatalysed reaction.
QuestionIT!
Kinetics I
Part 2
reaction
1. Copy and complete the table below.
Collision Collision Activation

Effect on: Rate
frequency energy energy
Increase
concentration
Increase
pressure
Increase
temperature
Increase surface
area
Catalyst
AnswerIT!
Kinetics I
Part 2
reaction
1. Copy and complete the table below.
Collision Collision Activation

Effect on: Rate
frequency energy energy
Increase
concentration Increases No effect No effect Increases
Increase
pressure Increases No effect No effect Increases
Increase
temperature Increases Increases No effect Increases
Increase surface
area Increases No effect No effect Increases
Catalyst No effect No effect Decreases Increases

LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Kinetics I
Part 3

Calculating rate of reaction
The rate of a chemical reaction can be found by measuring the quantity of a
reactant used or the quantity of product formed over time.
Mean rate of reaction = quantity of reactant used

time taken
Mean rate of reaction = quantity of product formed

time taken
The quantity of reactant or

product can be measured by
the mass in grams or by a
volume in cm3.
The units of rate of reaction

may be given as g/s or cm3/s.
Worked example 1
25cm3 of carbon dioxide was given off in the first 2
seconds of a reaction. Calculate the mean rate of
reaction and give the units.
Mean rate of reaction = quantity of product formed
time taken
Mean rate of reaction = 25cm3

2s
Mean rate of reaction = 12.5 cm3/s
Worked example 2 The above reaction was carried

out again. The new results showed that 2 dm3 of
carbon dioxide was released in 200 seconds.
Calculate the mean rate of reaction in mol/dm3
(1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at STP)
Moles of carbon dioxide = 2 dm3 = 0.83 moles Slope A will have a greater rate of
24 dm3 reaction as it is steeper.
Mean rate of reaction = 0.83 moles = 0.0042 mol/s

200 s
A tangent is needed to find the gradient of a curve. The gradient of

the tangent gives you the rate of reaction at that point on a curved
line of best fit.
• Place a ruler at the point you want

to find the gradient e.g. 2 minutes.
• Position the ruler so you can see
the curve; adjust it until the space
between the ruler and the curve is
the same on both sides of the
cross. (if you click on the ruler
opposite, you can practice this!)
• Draw the tangent line using the
ruler.
• Find the gradient of the tangent.
QuestionIT!
Kinetics I
Part 3

1. State two ways of finding the rate of reaction.
2. State two units of rate of reaction.
3. State two ways of measuring the quantity of reactant or product.

4. A student carries out an experiment reacting hydrochloric acid

(HCl) with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to give calcium chloride
(CaCl2) carbon dioxide and water. Write the balanced symbol

equation for this reaction.
5. The student collects 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas in 10 seconds.

What is the rate of reaction? Include the units.
6. The student repeats the experiment again, this time they find the
mass of the carbon dioxide collected. They collect 11 g of carbon
dioxide in 10 seconds. Calculate the rate of reaction in mol/s.
7. What mass of carbon dioxide are they collecting per second if the
rate of reaction is 0.075 mol/s?
AnswerIT!
Kinetics I
Part 3

1. State two ways of finding the rate of reaction.
Measuring the quantity of reactant used or product formed.
2. State two units of rate of reaction.

g/s; cm3/s; (mol/s)
3. State two ways of measuring the quantity of reactant or product.

Mass in grams or volume cm3
4. A student carries out an experiment reacting hydrochloric acid

(HCl) with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to give calcium chloride
(CaCl2) carbon dioxide and water. Write the balanced symbol

equation for this reaction.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
5. The student collects 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas in 10 seconds.
What is the rate of reaction? Include the units.
rate of reaction = volume of gas collected = 50
time taken 10
5 cm3/s
6. The student repeats the experiment again, this time they find the
mass of the carbon dioxide collected. They collect 11 g of carbon
dioxide in 10 seconds. Calculate the rate of reaction in mol/s.
11g/44g = 0.25 moles of carbon dioxide
so 0.25 moles/10 seconds
= 0.025 mol/s
7. What mass of carbon dioxide are they collecting per second if the
rate of reaction is 0.075 mol/s
0.075 moles of CO2 is 44 x 0.075 so 3.3 g/s
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Kinetics I
Part 4
• Catalysts
Catalysts
Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative reaction

pathway with a lower activation energy.
Reaction profile Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Additional particles
with energy to react
Heterogeneous catalysis
A heterogeneous catalyst is in a different phase from the
reactants.
The reaction occurs at active sites on the surface.
Solid heterogeneous catalysts are used in industrial reactions
involving gases, by providing a surface for the reaction.
The catalyst is usually a solid and is used to catalyse reactions between gases or
solutions (different phases). The reactions occur at the surface of the catalyst,
where the substance is adsorbed. A support medium is used to increase the
surface area and reduce the cost.
Heterogeneous catalysts can become poisoned by impurities blocking the active
sites, reducing efficiency. This has a cost implication.
• The reactant gases are adsorbed onto active site on the surface of the catalyst.
• The reactants form bonds with the catalyst and the bonds in the reactant
molecules weaken and break. New bonds between the reactant molecules
form.
• The product molecules desorb from the surface leaving the active site
available to accept more reactants.
QuestionIT!
Kinetics I
Part 4
• Catalysts
1. Define the term ‘catalyst’.
2. Draw the reaction profile showing a catalysed and uncatalysed

exothermic reaction.
3. Draw a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies to

show the action of a catalyst.
4. Explain the distribution in question 3.
5. What is a heterogeneous catalyst?
6. Explain how a heterogeneous catalyst works.
7. What are the economic benefits of the use of catalysts in industrial

reactions?
AnswerIT!
Kinetics I
Part 4
• Catalysts
1. Define the term ‘catalyst’.
Increases the rate of reaction; by providing an alternative
pathway; with a lower activation energy
2. Draw the reaction profile showing a catalysed and uncatalysed
exothermic reaction.
3. Draw a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies to
show the action of a catalyst.
4. Explain the distribution in question 3.

Catalyst lowers the activation energy; more particles have at least
the activation energy; increased number of particles react.
5. What is a heterogeneous catalyst?
Catalyst in a different phase to the reactants e.g. solid catalyst,
reactants in gas phase.
6. Explain how a heterogeneous catalyst works.

Provide a surface for the reaction; reaction particles adsorbed onto
the active site; reaction takes places; products desorbed.
7. What are the economic benefits of the use of catalysts in industrial

reactions?
Reaction happens at faster rate – increased yield per unit of time
Reaction can happen at lower temperatures – decreased cost
Catalysts are specific – they often only work on one reaction
Catalysts are not used up in the reaction – can be used again,
decreased cost.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Equilibrium I
Part 1
• Dynamic equilibria
Dynamic equilibrium
In reversible reactions, the rate of the forward reaction decreases

and the rate of the reverse reaction increases.
Eventually, the reaction will reach a stage where:

• The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the
backward reaction.
• The concentrations of the reactants and products remain
constant.
At this stage, a dynamic equilibrium has been reached.
“Dynamic” means that the reaction has not stopped; it is simply

moving in both directions at the same rate.
“Equilibrium” means that the concentration of reactants and
products in the system is staying the same.
Dynamic equilibrium
A closed system is one from which reactants and products cannot

escape.
In closed systems the forward and reverse reactions continue until

dynamic equilibrium is reached. All reactions in a closed system are
therefore reversible.
An open system is one from which reactants and products can

escape.
In an open system, the products are removed as soon as they are

formed, so the reverse reaction is not able to take place. Such
reactions never reach equilibrium, but proceed until all the reactions
have been converted into products. Reactions which proceed under
these conditions are irreversible.
QuestionIT!
Kinetics
Part 3
Kinetics part 3 – QuestionIT
1. What is meant by the term ‘dynamic equilibrium’?
2. Define the term ‘closed system’.
3. Define the term ‘open system’.
4. Can dynamic equilibrium be reached in an open system?
5. Can dynamic equilibrium be reached in a closed system?

AnswerIT!
Kinetics
Part 3
Kinetics part 3 – AnswerIT
1. What is meant by the term ‘dynamic equilibrium’?
The stage in a reversible reaction where both the forward and
backward reactions are proceeding at the same rate.
2. Define the term ‘closed system’.
A system from which reactants and products cannot escape.
3. Define the term ‘open system’.
A system from which reactants and products can escape.
4. Can dynamic equilibrium be reached in an open system?
No because the products are removed as soon as they are formed,
so the reverse reaction is not able to take place.
5. Can dynamic equilibrium be reached in a closed system?
Yes because forward and reverse reactions continue until dynamic
equilibrium is reached.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Equilibrium I
Part 2
• Effect of temperature, concentration and
pressure on homogeneous systems
Le Chatelier
Le Chatelier's principle: "If a constraint is imposed on a system at

equilibrium, then the system will respond in such a way as to
counteract the effect of that constraint."
If the conditions are changed after equilibrium has been

established, the system may no longer be at equilbrium and may
move in one direction or another to re-establish equilibrium. The
direction in which the system will move to re-establish equilibrium
can be predicted by Le Chatelier's principle.
Temperature
If the forward reaction is exothermic, then the temperature of the

system will rise if the forward reaction takes place. The reverse
reaction will therefore be endothermic, and the temperature of the
system will fall if the reverse reaction takes place.

Le Chatelier's principle predicts that an increase in temperature will
favour the endothermic reaction, and that a decrease in
temperature will favour the exothermic reaction.
If the reaction is exothermic, then an increase in temperature will

cause the value of Kc to decrease, and if the reaction is
endothermic, then an increase in temperature will cause the value
of Kc to increase.
Concentration
Le Chatelier's principle predicts that if a reactant's concentration in

a system is increased, the system will move to the right in order to
decrease the concentration of that reactant.
If the reactant's concentration is decreased, the system will move

to the left in order to replace that reactant. Similarly, if a product's
concentration is increased then the system will move to the left
and if a product's concentration is decreased then the system will
move to the right.
Pressure
The pressure in a system depends on the number of gas molecules

in the system.
Le Chatelier's principle predicts that if the pressure of the system is

increased, the system will move towards the side which has fewer
gas moles.
If the pressure of the system is decreased, the system will move

towards the side which has more gas moles.
If the number of gas moles on both sides in the same, then

pressure has no effect on the equilibrium position.
Catalyst
The addition of a catalyst will have no effect on the position of

equilibrium.
It will increase the rate of the forward and reverse reactions, but
by the same amount. The position of equilibrium will therefore be
unchanged.

As the position of equilibrium is unchanged, it follows that adding a

catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium constant.
QuestionIT!
Equilibrium I
Part 2
• Effect of temperature,
concentration and pressure on
homogeneous systems
Equilibrium I Part 1 – QuestionIT
1. State Le Chatelier’s Principle.
2. What is the affect on the system of increasing the

concentration of the reactants?
3. What is the affect on the system of increasing the pressure?

temperature?
5. What is the affect on the system of adding a catalyst?

AnswerIT!
Equilibrium I
Part 2
• Effect of temperature,
concentration and pressure on
homogeneous systems
1. State Le Chatelier’s Principle.

If a constraint is imposed on a system at equilibrium, then the
system will respond in such a way as to counteract the effect
of that constraint.

concentration of the reactants?
The system will move to the right in order to decrease the
concentration of that reactant.
3. What is the affect on the system of increasing the pressure?

The system will move towards the side which has fewer gas
moles.

temperature?
An increase in temperature will favour the endothermic
reaction.
5. What is the affect on the system of adding a catalyst?

The addition of a catalyst will have no effect on the position
of equilibrium. It will increase the rate of the forward and
reverse reactions by the same amount.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Equilibrium
Part 3
• Kc for homogeneous and
heterogeneous systems
Kinetics part 4 - Equilibrium constants
For example A + 3B C + 2D
The rate expression for the forward reaction can be written:

Rate = kf[A][B]3, where kf is the rate constant for the forward
reaction.
The rate expression for the reverse reaction can be written:

Rate = kr[C][D]2, where kr is the rate constant for the reverse
reaction.
At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are

equal:
kf[A][B]3 = kr[C][D]2
This can be rearranged to give kf/ kr = [C][D]2

[A][B]3
Since the rate constants are constant at a given temperature, it

follows that the term kf/ kr is also constant at a given temperature.
It is therefore regarded as a single constant Kc and is known as the
equilibrium constant of the reaction.
Therefore kf/ kr = [C][D]2

[A][B]3
Is equivalent to Kc = [C][D]2
[A][B]3
The units of the equilibrium constant vary, depending on the

number of species involved. The units can be deduced by
multiplying out the units of concentration and cancelling as
appropriate.
For example: H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)

Kc = [HI]2 It has no units.
[H2][I2]
For example: PCl5(g) → PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

Kc = [PCl3][Cl2] It has units of moldm-3.
[PCl5]
If the concentrations of all the reacting species are known, the

equilibrium constant can be calculated by putting the values into
the expression for the equilibrium constant and computing the
value.

Often the concentration of only one of the species at equilibrium is
given, and the others must be deduced.
For example If 1.5 mol of hydrogen and 1.2 mole of iodine are
mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium, the amount of
hydogen iodide present at equilibrium is found to be 1.6 mol.

For example If 1.5 mol of hydrogen and 1.2 mole of iodine are
mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium, the amount of
hydogen iodide present at equilibrium is found to be 1.6 mol.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
If the initial amounts of hydrogen and iodine are a and b, and x moles of hydrogen
react with x moles of iodine to give 2x moles of hydrogen iodide, then the amounts
of hydrogen and iodine in the mixture at equilibrium are (a-x) and (b-x)
respectively.
2x = 1.6, so x = 0.8, (a-x) = 0.7 and (b-x) = 0.4

Therefore at equilibrium there are 0.7 moles of hydrogen, 0.4 moles
of iodine and 1.6 moles of hydrogen iodide.

These amounts can be converted into concentrations, and then
inserted into the expression for equilibrium constant.
QuestionIT!
Equilibrium
Part 3
1. Write an expression for Kc for the following reactions:

a) 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
b) Nitrogen and oxygen forming nitrogen oxide.
c) CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
2. Work out the units for Kc for the above reactions.
3. A 0.218mol sample of hydrogen iodide was heated. The

equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.023 mol of
hydrogen. Calculate the number of moles of iodine and
hydrogen iodide in the equilibrium mixture.
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
AnswerIT!
Equilibrium
Part 3

3. A 0.218mol sample of hydrogen iodide was heated. The

equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.023 mol of
hydrogen. Calculate the number of moles of iodine and
hydrogen iodide in the equilibrium mixture.
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
Moles I2 = 0.023
Moles HI = 0.172

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The PiXL Club The PiXL Club The PiXL Club The PiXL Club The PiXL Club

Edexcel Topics 9 & 10:

Kinetics I & Equilibrium I

If a chemical reaction is to take place between two particles, they

Not all collisions result in a chemical reaction. Most collisions just

Collisions which do not result in a reaction are known as

The distribution of molecular energies at a characteristic

At a higher temperature, the distribution of energies will be

The minimum energy the colliding particles need in order to react is

If the collision energy of the colliding particles is less than the

If the collision energy is equal to or greater than the activation

1. Define the term ‘collision frequency’.

2. How can collision frequency be altered?

3. Define the term ‘collision energy’.

4. When do unsuccessful collisions happen?

5. What is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve?

6. Define the term ‘activation energy’.

1. Define the term ‘collision frequency’.

2. How can collision frequency be altered?

3. Define the term ‘collision energy’.

4. When do unsuccessful collisions happen?

5. What is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve?

6. Define the term ‘activation energy’.

The greater the concentration of the species in a liquid or gaseous

An increase in concentration causes the rate of reaction to increase

An increase in temperature changes the distribution of molecular

An increase in temperature will increase the number of colliding

The greater the pressure in a gaseous mixture, the greater the

An increase in pressure causes the rate of reaction to increase by

An increase in surface area causes the rate of reaction to increase

The collision energy, activation energy and hence the fraction of

A catalyst is a substance which changes the rate of a chemical

1. Copy and complete the table below.

Collision Collision Activation

1. Copy and complete the table below.

Collision Collision Activation

Catalyst No effect No effect Decreases Increases

• Calculating rate of reaction

Mean rate of reaction = quantity of reactant used

Mean rate of reaction = quantity of product formed

The quantity of reactant or

The units of rate of reaction

Mean rate of reaction = 25cm3

Mean rate of reaction = 12.5 cm3/s

Worked example 2 The above reaction was carried

Mean rate of reaction = 0.83 moles = 0.0042 mol/s

A tangent is needed to find the gradient of a curve. The gradient of

• Place a ruler at the point you want

• Calculating rate of reaction

2. State two units of rate of reaction.

3. State two ways of measuring the quantity of reactant or product.

4. A student carries out an experiment reacting hydrochloric acid

(CaCl2) carbon dioxide and water. Write the balanced symbol

5. The student collects 50 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas in 10 seconds.

• Calculating rate of reaction

2. State two units of rate of reaction.

3. State two ways of measuring the quantity of reactant or product.

4. A student carries out an experiment reacting hydrochloric acid

(CaCl2) carbon dioxide and water. Write the balanced symbol

Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing an alternative reaction

Reaction profile Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

2. Draw the reaction profile showing a catalysed and uncatalysed

3. Draw a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies to