TOPICS OF “ENGINEERING GRAPHICS”

(Mechanical Portion)

Topic no. Topic Content No. of Lectures

C) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 07
FROM GIVEN ISOMETRIC VIEW

Without Sections With Sections

(D) ISOMETRIC VIEW/PROJECTIONS 05

FROM GIVEN ORTHOGRPHIC VIEWS

View i.e. drawing Projections

TYPES OF LINES CONTINUOUS
A
THICK
USED IN
ENGINEERING B CONTINUOUS
DRAWING THIN (WAVY)
APPLICATIONS OF SHORT ZIGZAG
LINES ON C
THIN
DRAWING CONTINUOUS
D
D  40 THIN
 30 D
SHORT DASH
E MEDIUM (DOTED
LINE )
F
25

D F LONG CHAIN
A THIN (CENTER
LINE)
B E CUTTING PLANE
150

G1
G1 LINE (IN F.V)
G2 CUTTING PLANE
C  60 LINE (IN T.V)
 Dimensioning Techniques
Trimmed and untrimmed drawing sheet
sizes are commercially designated as A0
(Maximum size), A1, A2, A3, A4 & A5 (Least
size).
In Engineering Graphics’ term work, all
the 4 sheets will be of A2 (approximately ½
Imperial) size
The following two systems are adopted for
dimensioning purposes on orthographic
views as well as on pictorial view.
ALIGNED UNIDIRECTIONAL
SYSTEM SYSTEM
(FOR A2 TO A5 (FOR LARGE SIZED
SHEET SIZE) SHEETS)

20 20

35 35

ARROW HEADS

H
(H x 3H) 3H
ORTHOGRAPHIC PREOJECTIONS
(MULTI VIEW REPRESENTATIONS i.e. F.V.,
T.V. & S.V. – L.H.S.V OR R.H.S.V) FROM
ISOMETRIC VIEW

PLANES OF

PROJECTIONS
QUADRANTS

VISION
 VIEWES

 METHODS OF PROJECTIONS WITH

THEIR SYMBOLS

 SCALING OF A DRAWING (Full Size 1:1,

Reduced 1:2 or Enlarged 5:1 )

 SCALING OF A DRAWING
(AS PER BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING.)

RECOMMENDED SCALES
1. FULL SCALE e.g. 1: 1

In certain cases the engineering components may

be very large or very small for drawing purposes,
hence the corresponding scale may be preferred
from the following
2. REDUCED
SCALE e.g.
1:2, 1:2.5, 1:5,
1:10, 1:20,
1:15, 1:100,
1:200, 1:500,
1:1000, 1:2000,
1:5000,
3. ENLARGED
1:10000
SCALE e.g.
50:1, 20:1, 10:1,
5:1, 2:1
 SYMBOLS USED ON
ENGINEERING DRAWING SHEET
FIRST ANGLE METHOD THIRD ANGLE METHOD
OF OF
ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS

M/c. PARTS ARE NEVER ASSUMED IN SECOND

OR IN FOURTH QUADRANT, AS THE VIEWS
MAY OVERLAP ON ONE ANOTHER ABOVE XY
OR BELOW XY RESPECTIVELY.
 Y
ISOMETRIC VIEW L. H
a n e .S.
OF . Pl V.
P
F. V la n
OBJECT IN L.H e
VP F.V.

H
.S.
FIRST V.

H
QUADRANT PP
(FOR L.H.S.V.) L Y
D
D
L
HP
X . e
.V a n
T
. Pl
T. V
Z1 X
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS (FOR L.H.S.V.)
Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P
with their respective hinges, considering
V.P as fixed plane.
It may be noted that :-
(a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y
directional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1
directional view) is on P.P
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D,
While L.H.S.V is within H & D.
c) The symbol for Ist angle method of projections
is placed as shown on fig. 2(c)
 V.P P.P

H
F.V. D
L.H.S.V.
X Y
L

T.V.

H.P
Fig. 2(c)
AIM: Fig. 2(a) shows the Pictorial
(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut
block. Draw its following
orthographic views using Ist angle
method of projections.
I. Front View
II. Top View
III.R. H. S.View
 Y Y
V.P

P.P

H
L
D X
.V. F.V Fig 2(a)
. S .
R.H Y
H.P
T.V Y
.

H
X Z2
L
D
Fig 2(b) X Z
Note : Ist angle means, the block is assumed in
front of V.P, above H.P and inside P.P,
as in fig. 2(b) where the F.V. is
projected on V.P, seen in X direction,
T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y
direction & R.H.S.V. is projected on

P.P, seen in Z2 direction

Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P with
their respective hinges, considering plane V.P as
fixed plane.
It may be noted that :-
a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y
directional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z 2
directional view) is on P.P
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, While
R.H.S.V is within H & D.
c) The symbol for Ist angle method of projections is
placed as shown on fig. 2(c)
P. V.P
P

D H F.V.
R.H.S.V.
X Y
L H.P

T.V.
Fig. 2(c)
AIM: Fig. 3(a) shows the Pictorial
(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block.
Draw its following orthographic views
using IIIrd angle method of projections.

I. Front View

II. Top View

III. Left Hand Side View

 Y
Y

H
H.P
D L
Y X
. Z1
P.P . V Fig 3(a)
T
D
X L Plane H.P turned
up(above V.P)
L.
H.
H

S. . Plane P.P turned side

V. F.V
way(towards left side of
V.P plane V.P)
Z1 Fig 3(b) X
Note : IIIrd angle means, the block is
assumed behind V.P, below H.P and
inside P.P, as in fig. 3(b) where the F.V.
is projected on V.P, seen in X direction,
T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y
direction & L.H.S.V. is projected on

P.P, seen in Z1 direction

Fig. 3(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P with
their respective hinges, considering plane V.P as
fixed plane.
It may be noted that :-
a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y
directional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1
directional view) is on P.P
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, While
L.H.S.V is within H & D.

c) The symbol for IIIrd angle method of projections

is placed as shown on fig. 3(c)
 4 Fig.
3(c)

T.V.
X Y
6
2
D L
H

L.H.S.V F.V.
AIM: Fig. 4(a) shows the Pictorial
(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block.
Draw its following orthographic
views using IIIrd angle method of
projections.

I. Front View
II. Top View
III.Right Hand Side View
 Y Y
H.
P

X X
L T.V D Z2
.
Fig. 4(a)
L D
Y

F V.
V.P .V. .
H

H
. S P.P
R. H

Fig. 4(b)
X Z2
Planes H.P, V.P & P.P are assumed as transparent
Note : IIIrd angle means, the block is assumed

behind V.P, below H.P and inside P.P, as

in fig. 4(b) where the F.V. is projected

on V.P, seen in X direction, T.V. is

projected on H.P, seen in Y direction &

R.H.S.V. is projected on P.P, seen in Z2

 Fig. 4(c) shows turning of the planes H.P &P.P with
their respective hinges, considering plane
V.P as fixed plane.
It may be noted that :-
a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y
directional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2
directional view) is on P.P
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D,
While R.H.S.V is within H & D.
c) The symbol for IIIrd angle method of projections
is placed as shown on fig. 4(c)
 H Fig. 4(c)
.
P

T.V. D
X Y
P
L
.
P
H

F.V. R.H.S.V.
V
.
P
Step by step procedure

Suggested to prepare

Orthographic views (First angle

method) for The simple

component Shown pictorially in

figure
 20
20
40
20

60
80

Ø40
R40

100

20
ISOMETRIC
VIEW X
 20 20

R20

80

20
R.H.S.V 20 FRONT VIEW
ø40
SYMBOL IS 80
NOT MARKED
R40
SCALE: 1:1
100
TOP VIEW
FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A
SIMPLE OBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS)
SHOW ITS THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
a
1. Front View
2. Top View
B b
3. L.H.S.View 2
3 A
Use First Angle
Method c
1
 b
B 2
3
A
1

F.V L.H.S.V.

b
c
3

T.V
FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF AN
OBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS) SHOW ITS
THREE ORTHO GRAPHIC VIEWS

1. Front View a

2. Top View c
3
3. L.H.S.View
b A
Use Third 2
Angle Method
1
 b a c

TOP VIEW

3 A

2 1

L.H.S VIEW FRONT VIEW

 Aim : Figure shows isometric
view, of a simple machine
component.
Draw its following Orthographic
views, & dimension them.
1. Front View
2. Top View
3. R.H.S. View
Use First Angle Method of projection
 L = 75+25=100
R25 H = 10+30=40
D=50
20

30
10
40

10
75

10
Figure
50
X

Figure, is the isometric view

 F.V L=100
H=40
10 T.V L=100
D=50
D=50
40

S.V H=40

10
R.H.S.V. F.V.

5 20

50
R 2
40 10

25 75
ORTHOGRAPHIC
VIEWS T.V.
 40 SQ
Ø30,Depth 10

10 25 SQ

30
15 SQ
35
5

10
35
5
ISOMETRIC 40
45

ORTHO. VIEWS 15
 10
F.V.

30
R.H.
S.V.

10
35 35 45
40 Sq 25 Sq

15
40
10
5
15 Sq
Ø30
T.V.
 Exercise :-
 Figure shows the isometric
view of a vertical shaft support.
 Draw its all the three views,
using first angle method of
projections.
 Give the necessary dimensions
as per aligned system.
 Ø64
ISOMETRIC
VIEW Ø40

24

50
25
10

20 40
1
48
 Ø64 Ø40

24

50
30

10
140
FRONT VIEW L.H.S.V
14

48
14

70 TOP VIEW
Exercise :-
Isometric view of a rod support is
given.
Draw its all the three orthographic
views, using first angle method of
projections.
Give all the dimensions.
 R22

40
20 2 4
Ø

80 60
20
30

16
20
14
0
20
X
40
ISOMETRIC VIEW
 R22

30
30 30

66

26
10

40 20
FRONT VIEW
RIGHT SIDE
VIEW

20
80

SCALE: 1:1 140

TOP VIEW
 R20 20
30

16
30

10 8

20
10

25
10 0
R8

ISOMETRIC 45

ORTHO. VIEWS
R20
30 20

10
100

16
8
30

20 25
45

R8
 SECTIONING OF A
MACHINE COMPONENT
BY ANY ONE SECTION
PLA NE ,OUT OF THREE
FOLLOWING MENTIONED
SECTION PLANES
(1)BY A VERTICAL SECTION PLANE
(PARALLEL TO PRINCIPLE V.P.)
Hence ,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is
observed in its F.V.
(b)Section plane will be seen as a cutting
plane line (similar to center line ,thick at
ends) with corresponding horizontal vision
direction arrows at the center of thick ends in
its T.V. & S.V.
 (2)BY A HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANE
Hence,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in
its T.V.
(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a
cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at
ends) with the corresponding vertically downward
vision direction arrows at the center of the thick
ends in its F.V. and in S.V.
(3) BY A SECTION PLANE , NORMAL TO
BOTH H.P. AND V.P.(i.e. parallel to
profile plane or side view plane)
Hence,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in
its S.V.
(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a
cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at
ends) with the corresponding vertically downward
vision direction arrows at the center of the thick
ends in its F.V. and in T.V.
Figure shows isometric view of a
60
machine component. Draw its 40
B
(1)Front view, Top view & L.H.S 30

15
View, using 3rd angle method
of projections. 10
(2)Sectional Front view, Top
view & L.H.S.V., using 3rd 30

50
15
angle method of projections.

5 .5
R12
15

50
30

A X
50
 Ortho. Views (No sectioning) 10
1.
30

60
30
40
25

15
5

X 50 50

Top View

50
15

L.H.S.View Front View

 B

X
A

It will be nearer to V.P. X

in 1st angle method &
against the vertical
plane in 3rd angle Retained split of the
method. machine parts
A
 (With sectioning) 10

2. B
30

60
30
40
15
25
A 5 B

50 50

A
A Top View

L.H.S. View Sectional Front View -AB

 Figure shows the pictorial 28
view of a machine component.
Draw its following views as
per First angle method of
projections
A
2 0
(1) Front view from X direction. Ø 30

60
Ø
(2) Sectional top view-AA
(3) L.H.S. View
A
7
20

14

0
12
20

28
X
Sketch shows the assumed cut model (retained part of
the machine component / split against the observer) due
to horizontal section plane passing through AB.

20
1
20

28 X
 Ø30, 7deep Ø20

20
A A
A A
60

20
120 L.H.S.V.
F.V.
28
14

Sectional T.V.
Figure shows the pictorial view 30 10 B
of a machine components.
Draw its following views,
using 3rd angle method of
projections.
(1) Front view from arrow X
(2) Top View

60
(3) Sectional R.H.S.V - AB

20

40
R1
20

60 90

A
X
Retained split, will be
nearer to V.P. in 1st
B
angle method &
against the vertical
plane in 3rd angle No hatching in
method. this area as not
contained in the
section plane

Retained split of the

machine parts
A
 A

0
3

60

90
20 20
40

T.V.
A
80

SEC.
20

F.V. R.H.S.V
A
 SPECIAL
SECIONS

HALF SECTION
 HALF SECTIONAL F.V.-AB HALF SECTIONAL
LEFT S.V.-BC

C
TOP VIEW
SPECIAL SECTIONS

REMOVED & REVOLVED

SECTIONS
 REVOLVED REMOVED
SECTION SECTION

REMOVEDSECTION
REVOLVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTIONS