WATER RESOURCE

ENGINEERING
Water resources engineering is the quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle -- the distribution and circulation
of water linking the earth's atmosphere, land and oceans. Applications include the management of the urban
water supply, the design of urban storm-sewer systems, and flood forecasting.

Water resources engineering can be broadly divided into the three categories of groundwater, hydrology, and
hydraulics.
Water Resources Engineers have wide scope to work in sectors such as: Environmental impact assessment and
mitigation. Water supply and treatment, Environmental policy and regulation development.
Quantitative study of the hydrologic cycle
The distribution and circulation of water linking the earth's atmosphere, land and oceans

Use scientific processes to deal with:

 Providing water for human use
 Development of techniques for the prevention of destruction from flood
 Planning and management of facilities that are constructed for tasks (like making canals for irrigation and
sewers for drainage and to avoid water clogging.
 All other issues related with the usage and control of water.

Water resources engineering also deals with:

 Sewer systems for storms and waste water.
 Irrigation network.
 River engineering, including ice covered rivers.
 Hydraulic structures, including dams, spillways, flood ways and reservoirs.
 Seepage control.
 Hydrology.
 Floods, flow of mud and debris.
 Wave analysis.
History
Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to irrigate crops and dates back to the Middle East and
Africa. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used for many thousands of
years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the water clock was used in the early 2 nd millennium BC. Other
early examples of using gravity to move water include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the very similar
Turpan water system in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru.
In the Archaic epoch of the Philippines, hydraulic engineering also developed specially in the Island of
Luzon, the Ifugaos of the mountainous region of the Cordilleras built irrigations, dams and hydraulic works and
the famous Banaue Rice Terraces as a way for assisting in growing crops around 1000 BC.

Famous Water Resource Engineers

Eupalinos of Megara
- an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos in the 6th century BC.

- The Tunnel of Eupalinos or Eupalinian aqueduct is a tunnel of 1,036 m length running through Mount Kastro
in Samos, Greece, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an aqueduct. The tunnel is the second known
tunnel in history which was excavated from both ends, and the first with a geometry-based approach in
doing so.

- The Eupalinos Tunnel is considered as one of the most important engineering achievements of antiquity. It's
a 1036m long tunnel in Samos Island, Greece, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an aqueduct and
therefore supply fresh water from Agiades spring the city of Samo
The Eupalinos Tunnel was used for over 1100 years (up to the 7th century AD) until it was abandoned in the
Byzantine period, during which it was used for long periods by the Samians as a refuge. The tunnel offered
unique protection for the people against pirate invasions

The tunnel took water from an inland spring, located about 52 metres (171 ft) above sea level near the modern
village of Ayiades. It discharges about 400 m3 of water per day. This spring was covered over. Two rectangular
openings, each measuring 28 by 26 centimetres (11 by 10 in), feed the water into a large reservoir with a
roughly elliptical ground plan. Fifteen large stone pillars support a roof of massive stone slabs. The spring was
thus completely concealed from enemies. The construction of this reservoir seems to have caused the outlet of
the spring to subside by several metres. At some point before the nineteenth century, a church dedicated to St
John was built over the top of this reservoir, further hiding the spring's location.
Somali Ajuran Empire
The Ajuran Empire (Somali: Saldanadda Ajuuraan, also spelled
Ajuuraan Empire, and often simply as Ajuran, was a Somali empire in
the Middle Ages in the Horn of Africa that dominated the trade in the
northern Indian ocean. They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate
that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages.
Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military
stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Empire successfully resisted an
Oromo invasion from the west and a Portuguese incursion from the
east during the Gaal Madow and the Ajuran-Portuguese wars.

The empire left an extensive architectural legacy, being one of the

major medieval Somali powers engaged in castle and fortress building.
Many of the ruined fortifications dotting the landscapes of southern
Somalia today are attributed to the Ajuran Empire's engineers,
including a number of the pillar tomb fields, necropolises and ruined
cities built in that era.

As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran monopolized the water resources of

the Shebelle and Jubba rivers. Through hydraulic engineering, it also
constructed many of the limestone wells and cisterns of the state that
are still operative and in use today. The rulers developed new systems
for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of
Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water resource management facilities
across the United States. The systems that Water Resource Engineers create ensure that citizens are provided
with a continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living, and recreational purposes.

Water resources engineers fulfill a wide variety of roles in designing and managing water-based systems.
Managing rivers and reservoirs for recreation, flood control, irrigation, and other multi-use functions.
Developing groundwater resources and remediating polluted groundwater resources.

The typical day of a water resource engineer entail charting out a community's water needs and frequently
analyzing water resources. They are also responsible for designing treatment plants, supply systems,
pipelines and pump systems to effectively manage wastewater for both private and public consumption.

Hydroelectric-power development, water supply, irrigation and navigation are some familiar applications of
water resources engineering involving the utilization of water for beneficial purposes.

Water Resource Engineers create new equipment and systems to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of
water treatment and aquatic resource management. The systems that they create ensure that citizens are
provided with a continuous supply of clean, uncontaminated water for drinking, living, and recreational
purposes.
Water Resource Engineers not only design these water management systems, but oversee the construction
and implementation of these systems to ensure that they are properly assembled. After completion, they
may manage the maintenance of these systems. They also perform analysis of data from relevant areas, and
designing new or improved facilities to enhance the cleansing effects of the water treatment system.
Some of the areas Water Resource Engineers touch on water treatment facilities, underground wells, and
Different Types of Water Resource Engineering

Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Engineering is the field of study and application of engineering science and designs principles for
agriculture purposes, combining the various disciplines of mechanical, civil, electrical and other related field.

Agricultural Engineering is the area of engineering concerned with the design, construction and improvement of
farming equipment and machinery. Agricultural engineers integrate technology with farming They design and
build agricultural infrastructure such as dams, water reservoirs, warehouses, and other structures.
 Hydraulic Engineering

Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with

the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of
these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the
movement of the fluids.
Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to
problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation,
measurement, and use of water. Before beginning a hydraulic engineering
project, one must figure out how much water is involved.
 Reservoir

Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum

engineering that applies scientific principles to the
fluid flow through porous medium during the
development and production of oil and gas
reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery.

The purpose of reservoir engineering is to provide

the facts, information and knowledge necessary to
control operations to obtain the maximum possible
recovery from a reservoir at the least possible cost.

Function:Developing and executing data-gathering

plans and using the results to develop projects to
increase recovery efficiency.
Floodway
A floodway is a flood plain crossing for a road, built at or close
to the natural ground level. It is similar to a causeway, but
crosses a shallow depression that is subject to flooding, rather
than a waterway or tidal water. They are designed to be
submerged under water, but withstand such conditions

The primary purpose of the floodway is to preserve a portion of

the floodplain to convey floodwaters from upstream to
downstream. If the floodway is obstructed by fill or buildings,
flood elevations will increase upstream of the obstruction
increasing flood damages to existing properties.

Regulatory floodway is defined as the channel of a river or other

watercourse and the adjacent land area that is reserved from
encroachment in order to discharge the base flood without
cumulatively increasing the water-surface elevation by more
than a designated height
Spillways  Types of Spillways
 1. Straight Way Spillway
A spillway is a hydraulic structure built at a dam site for diverting the
surplus water from a reservoir after it has been filled to its maximum  2. Ogee Spillway
capacity. Spillways are classified into different types on the basis of the  3. Shaft Spillway
arrangement of the control structure, a conveyance channel and a terminal
structure.  4. Chute Spillway
The primary function of spillway is to release surplus waters from the  5. Side Channel Spillway
reservoir in order to prevent overtopping and possible failure of the dam.
 6. Siphon Spillway
 7. Labyrinth Spillway
1. The drop spillway is a weir structure. Flow passes through the weir
opening, drops to an approximately level apron or stilling basin and then
passes into the downstream channel. Drop spillway is one of the most
commonly used gully control structures. It is mainly used at the gully bed to
create a control point.
Dams

 Types of Dams:
Dam is a structure built across a river or stream to
hold back water. Ancient dam builders used natural  Gravity Dam
materials such as rocks or clay. Modern-day dam builders  B. Earth Dam
often use concrete. Manmade dams create artificial lakes
called reservoirs. Reservoirs can be used to store water for
 C. Rockfill Dam
farming, industry, and household use.  D. Weir Dam
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of
surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by
 E. Barrage Dam
dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for  F. Arch Dam
activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial  G. Buttress Dam
use, aquaculture, and navigability

Gravity Dam
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone
masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the
weight of the material and its resistance against the
foundation to oppose the horizontal pressure of water
pushing against it.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY
ENGINEERING
Environmental Engineering – is branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting the
environment from potentially deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human
populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors and improving environmental
quality for human health and well being.

Engineering Profession must include environmental protection in its brief if it is to retain public
credibility. Engineers can no longer design and construct project without assessing their
environmental impact on the environment.

Engineers are now regularly called upon publicly to depend proposals, sometimes losing,
because of inadequate sensitivity of the proposal to impact on humans, flora and fauna. The
democratization of the planning process with requirements of Environmental impact Assessment
necessitates that engineers not only be well versed of our own discipline but also be acquainted
with and sensitive to the environment in a holistic way.

Engineers now work in multi disciplinary team alongside ecologists, economist, sociologists,
planners, environmentalists, lawyers and chemists.

Today Environmental Engineering addresses problems in the water, air and soil environments.
Some consider environmental engineering as sanitary engineering which addresses the problems
on water quality(drinking and waste water) and municipal solid waste disposal.
Environmental engineering is the branch of engineering that studies the effect of human activities on
the environment and how these could be lessened. It is also sometimes called public health engineering
as it deals with the service to areas of water, air quality and water treatment.

HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

The practice of environmental engineering can be traced back to the early civilizations. Ever since
we humans started to settle on permanent homes, people had to find ways of providing clean water and
food as well as the proper disposal of wastes.
With the continuous growth of communities due to the rapid increase in the world’s population,
people today also have to worry about the air quality and soil contamination.

Ser Joseph Bazalgette

The first environmental engineer is said to have been Joseph Bazalgette. Back in 19th century London,
people back then did not have any proper sewage systems or toilets like we do today. Instead, they had
to throw their raw sewages as well as other wastes into the River Thames which was also the city’s main
source of drinking water. This improper practice has led to widespread epidemic of cholera as well as a
persistent unbearable stench that covered the city. This prompted the construction of the first large-
scale municipal sanitary in London which was supervised by Ser Joseph Bazalgetten was also responsible
for cleaning the River Thames which took several years as well as treating the water to make it safe
enough to drink.
Issues regarding ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING:
1. Air
2. Waste
3. Water
4. Land and Clean Up
5. Health and Safety
6. Climate Change
7. Green Living and Sustainability
8. Chemicals and Toxins
9. Pesticides and Agriculture

RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Improve and maintain the environment for the protection of human health and ecosystems
• Protect public and ecological health
• Develop solutions to environmental problems
• They can also be involved with environmental impact assessments which are assessments prior to
a development occurring and determining what potential impact that development may have on
the environment
Energy Engineering, on the other hand, is the branch of Engineering that is concerned with the management
and efficiency of the harvest, transport, and usage of different energy resources.
HISTORY OF ENERGY ENGINEERING
Humans have been utilizing energy ever since their first use of fire. Early humans mainly used fire
for light, warmth, cooking and as a tool to keep away predators. Wood, a biomass, was the first source of
energy used.
Then came along the industrial revolution where the fossil fuel coal started to replace biomass as the
primary source of energy. At the same time, there was also a rapid increase in the world’s population.
Then, when large reserves of oil and natural gas were first discovered, the said energy sources
became widely used as well as nuclear power which was discovered several years later.
As the world becomes more developed, the need for greater energy efficiency has become more
apparent.

RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Research on alternative energy sources
• Designing, developing, and building plants and equipment for extraction, production and
distribution of energy
• Develop cleaner forms of energy
• Improve existing procedures to enhance efficiency in the extraction, production, and distribution
of energy
• Find the most sustainable and efficient ways in operating buildings and manufacturing.