LITERATURE REVIEW,

PROPOSITION AND HYPOTHESIS

DEDE ROSYADA
 PROPOSITION

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false (but not both). For
instance, the following are propositions: “Paris is in France” (true), “London is in
Denmark” (false), “2 < 4” (true), “4 = 7 (false)”

In the context of research proposal, proposition should be derived from literature

review, where the researchers read and learning deeply about variables from a few
literatures, and at the end they should formulate proposition by analysing the
constellation of all related and studied variables, based on the theoretical review from
the explored literatures, whether academic books or related journal to the theme of
research.

And, at the end of literature review they should also take conclusion about definitions
of variables, dimension of variables and all indicators of variables those are found at
the literatures, and posted at the end of paragraph from each variables.
 EXAMPLES

HUBUNGAN MOTIVASI DENGAN PRESTASI

BELAJAR PAI DI SEKOLAH …

Proposisi:

Motivasi adalah keinginan kuat yang dimiliki siswa

untuk mendapatkan hasil belajar PAI yang terbaik.
Motivasi ada dua, yaitu motivasi intrinsik dan
motivasi ekstrinsik.
 EXAMPLE

Prestasi PAI adalah capaian hasil belajar PAI baik pengetahuan,

sikap maupun tindakan, yang dicapai siswa oleh
kesungguhannya dan sudah tertuang dalam nilai hasil belajar
yang dilaporkan guru. Dimensi-dimensi hasil belajar PAI terdiri,
pengetahuan, sikap dan perbuatan. Indikatornya adalah …

Jika para siswa memiliki motivasi yang kuat dengan

menunjukkan kesungguhan yang tinggi dalam belajar PAI, maka
hasil beljar PAI akan meningkat, baik pada aspek pengetahuan,
sikap dan perbuatan para siswa.
 HYPHOTESIS
A hypothesis is a proposition in testable form and predicts a particular relationship
between two or more variables.

A hypothesis has several functions:

Enhance the objectivity and purpose of a research work;

Provide a research with focus and tells a researcher the specific scope of a research
problem to investigate;

Help a researcher in prioritising data collection, hence providing focus on the study;
and

Enable the formulation of theory for a researcher to specifically conclude what is true
and what is not.
 PROCESS OF TESTING
HYPOTHESIS

The first step, researcher must formulate hypothesis,

based on literature review

Hypothesis Data Testing

Formulation Collection the Hypothesis

Process of hypothesis testing

And Finally, researcher does analysing data, to test the hypothesis, whether
true or false, or whether it is accepted or ejected by data.
 CRITERIAS
1. A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification
In your research work, there must be methods and techniques used for data
collection and analysis. Formulating a hypothesis that cannot be verified
will lead to nowhere. There must be techniques to verify your hypothesis

2. A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing Body of Knowledge

You must ensure that the hypothesis you construct emerges from an
existing body of knowledge and adds to it. This is crucial in academic
research methodology. This criterion can only be achieved if the hypothesis
has its foundation in existing knowledge.

3. A Hypothesis Needs to be Precise, Simple and Specific

To be able to develop a good hypothesis, you need to equip yourself well in
the literature review of your subject area. The hypothesis should be able to test
one relationship at a time.
 GOOD
HYPOTHESIS

1. Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the
inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable.
2. Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. Some prior study may be done by
researcher in order to make hypothesis a testable one. A hypothesis “is testable if other
deductions can be made from it which, in turn, can be confirmed or disproved by
observation.”
3. Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it happens to be a relational
hypothesis.
4. Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific. A researcher must
remember that narrower hypotheses are generally more testable and he should develop
such hypothese.
 GOOD
HYPOTHESIS

5. Hypothesis should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that the same is
easily understandable by all concerned. But one must remember that simplicity of
hypothesis has nothing to do with its significance.
6. Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i.e. it must be consistent with a
substantial body of established facts. In other words, it should be one which judges
accept as being the most likely.
7. The hypotheses selected should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time. The
researcher should not select a problem which involves hypotheses that are not agreeable
to testing within a reasonable and specified time Hypothesis must explain the facts that
gave rise to the need for explanation. This means that by using the hypothesis plus
other known and accepted generalisations, one should be able to deduce the original
problem condition. Thus hypothesis must actually explain what it claims to explain, it
should have empirical reference.
 TYPES
OF HYPOTHESIS

Associative Hypothesis; this kind of hypothesis is the answer from associative research problem statement.

RPS:

Is there any correlation between learning motivation and learning achievement.

Hypothesis:

There is a significance and positive correlation between learning motivation and learning achievement.

Statistical Hypothesis:

Ho: P = 0

Ha: P ≠ 0
tanda tidak sama
 TYPES
OF HYPOTHESIS

Comparative Hypothesis, as the answer of the comparative research problem, wether for evaluation or
experiment research.

RPS

Is there any difference anxiety between adolescent boys with high IQ and adolescent boys with low
IQ ?

Hypothesis

“Adolescent boys with high IQ will exhibit low anxiety than adolescent boys with low IQ”

Null Hypothesis

There is no different anxiety between adolescent boys with high IQ and adolescent boys with low
anxiety

Statistical Hypothesis:
 TYPES
OF HYPOTHESIS

Directional Hypothesis

The hypotheses which stipulate the direction of the expected differences or relationships are
terms as directional hypotheses. For example, the research hypothesis: “There will be a positive
relationship between PAI achievement with noble morality” is a directional research hypothesis.
This hypothesis stipulates that students with high achievement in PAI will behave with noble
morality. Therefore it does stipulate the direction of the relationship. Similarly, the hypothesis:
“Adolescent boys with high IQ will exhibit low anxiety than adolescent boys with low IQ” is a
directional research hypothesis because it stipulates the direction of the difference between
groups.

Non-directional hypothesis:

A research hypothesis which does not specify the direction of expected differences or
relationships is a non-directional research hypothesis. For example, the hypotheses: “There will
be difference in the adaptability of fathers and mothers towards rearing of their children.