Data and Computer

Communications

Tenth Edition
by William Stallings

Data and Computer Communications, Tenth

Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2013
 CHAPTER 3

Data Transmission
Note

To be transmitted, data must be transformed to

electromagnetic signals.
 Data Transmission
 The successful transmission of data depends on
two factors:
1. The quality of the signal being transmitted
2. The characteristics of the transmission
medium
 Transmission Terminology
Data transmission occurs between transmitter
and receiver over some transmission medium

Unguided media
Guided media
(wireless)

Propagation
Twisted pair,
through air,
coaxial cable,
vacuum, and
optical fiber
seawater
Transmission Terminology
Direct link

• No intermediate devices other than amplifiers

or repeaters used to increase signal strength

Point-to-point

• Direct link between two devices

• Only 2 devices sharing medium

Multi-point

• More than two devices share the same

medium
 Transmission Terminology
 Simplex
 Signals are transmitted in only one direction
 One station is transmitter and the other is
receiver

 Half duplex
 Both stations transmit, but only one at a time

 Full duplex
 Both stations may transmit simultaneously
 The medium is carrying signals in both
directions at the same time
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.8
 Exercise
 What mode of data flow the following exhibits shows?

Data

Data
 Frequency, Spectrum, and Bandwidth

 Electromagnetic signals used to transmit data

 Time domain concepts
 Analog Signal
• various in a smooth way over time
 Digital Signal
• maintains a constant level then changes to another constant level
 Periodic Signal
• pattern repeated over time
 Aperiodic Signal
• pattern not repeated over time

10
Amplitude
(volts)

Time
(a) Analog

Amplitude
(volts)

Time
(b) Digital

Figure 3.1 Analog and Digital Waveforms

 A

Amplitude (volts)
0
Time

–A

period = T = 1/f

(a ) S in e w a v e

A
Amplitude (volts)

0
Time

–A

period = T = 1/f

(b ) S q u a r e w a v e

F ig u r e 3 .2 E x a m p le s o f P e r io d ic S ig n a ls
 Sine Wave
 Is the fundamental periodic signal
 Can be represented by three parameters
 Peak amplitude (A)
• Maximum value or strength of the signal over time
• Typically measured in volts
 Frequency (f)
• Rate at which the signal repeats
• Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
• Period (T) is the amount of time for one repetition
• T = 1/f
 Phase ()
• Relative position in time within a single period of signal
Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency
 Example 3.1

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. The

period of this sine wave can be determined as follows:
 Example 3.2

The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in

kilohertz?

Solution
First, we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we calculate
the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10−3 kHz).
 Wavelength ()
The wavelength of
a signal is the
distance occupied
by a single cycle

The distance between Especially when v=c

two points of c = 3*108 m/s (speed
corresponding phase of of light in free
two consecutive cycles space)

Assuming signal Or
velocity v, then the
wavelength is related equivalently
to the period as  = vT f = v
Frequency Domain Concepts
 Signals are made up of many frequencies
 Components are sine waves
 Fourier analysis can show that any signal
is made up of components at various
frequencies, in which each component is a
sinusoid
 Can plot frequency domain functions
The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave
Note

A complete sine wave in the time domain can

be represented by one single spike in the
frequency domain.
The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves
 Signals and Communication
 We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
 According to Fourier analysis, any
composite signal is a combination of
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

3.23
 Spectrum and Bandwidth
Spectrum
• Range of frequencies contained in signal,
from f to 3f.
Absolute bandwidth
• Width of spectrum, 3f – f = 2f.

Dc component
• Component of zero frequency
The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals
 Example 3.3

If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with

frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its
bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all components
have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B
the bandwidth. Then

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and
900 Hz (see next figure).
3.29
The bandwidth for Example 3.3

3.30
 Data Rate and Bandwidth
Any transmission This limits the data
system has a rate that can be
limited band of carried on the
frequencies transmission
medium

Square waves
Limiting
Most energy in have infinite
bandwidth
first few components and
creates
components hence an infinite
distortions
bandwidth

There is a direct relationship between

data rate and bandwidth
 Analog and Digital Data
Transmission
Transmissio
Data Signals Signaling
n

Electric or Physical Communication

Entities that electromagneti propagation of of data by the
convey c the signal along propagation
information representations a suitable and processing
of data medium of signals