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DIP Chapter One
DIP Chapter One
Introduction
Image
A 2D function, f(x, y)
x and y are spatial coordinates
Amplitude of f is called the intensity or gray level
f(x0 , y0 )
f(x1 , y1 )
y0
y
1
x0 x1
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Digital image
x, y, f(x, y) are all finite and discrete
is composed of a finite number of elements
These elements are referred to as
picture elements
image elements
pels
pixels - most widely used
pixel
High-level processing
• Object recognition Attribute making sense
• AI
Middle-level processing
• Segmentation
Image Attribute
• Classification
Low-level processing
• Noise reduction Image Image
• Contrast enhancement
• Image sharpening
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Newspaper industry
Pictures were sent by submarine cable between
London and New York
Bartlane cable picture transmission system
(1920s)
Transport a picture : a week < 3 hours
1929
Reproduced with 15 levels of gray
Computer Advances
the invention of the transistor by Bell Labs. in 1948
the development of the high-level programming languages
the invention of the IC at Texas Instruments in 1958
the development of operation systems in the early 1960s
the development of microprocessor by Intel in the early
1970s
introduction by IBM of the personal computer in 1981
Large Scale IC in the late 1970s
IC Technology, Mass storage and display systems
Computers have powerful processing capability
to process images
1. Gamma-Ray Imaging
2. X-Ray Imaging
3. Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
4. Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
5. Imaging in the Microwave Band
6. Imaging in the Radio Band
7. Examples in which other imaging
modalities are used
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Applications
Nuclear Medicine
Positron Emission
Astronomical
Tomography
Applications
Medicine Circuit board
Industry
Angiography
contract-enhancement
radiography(X)Illumination
Chateter
Computer tomography
Cygnus
Example of x ray imaging, (a) Chest X-ray. (b) Aortic angiogram.
(c) Head CT. (d) Circuit board (e) Cygnus loop
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Applications
lithography- Plane printing
industrial inspection
Fluorescence microscopy
lasers
biological imaging
astronomical observations
Diseased corn
Fluorescence
microscopy
Normal corn
Fluorescence microscopy
Example of
ultraviolet imaging
(a) Normal corn
Cygnus (b) Small corn
(c) Cygnus loop
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Applications
Light microscopy
Astronomy
Remote sensing
Industry
Law enforcement
Light microscopy
Example of Microscopy imaging
(a) Anti-cancer drugs, magnified
250xs,
(b) Cholestrol-40x
(c) Microprocessor -60x,
(d) Nickel oxide thin film -600x,
(e) Surface of audio CD -1750x,
(f) Organic superconductor-
450x
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
E. Woods
Visual Spectrum
Automatic visual inspection
Packaged pills
Bottles
Bubbles in plastic products
Cereal
Artificial eye crystal
structed light
deformations
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Visual Spectrum
Thumb print
Paper currency
Traffic monitoring
Applications
radar image
Southeast of
Tibet
5800m above
sea level
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Applications
Medicine
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -
Knee spine
Acoustic imaging
Hundreds of Hertz
Geological
exploration
Millions of Hertz -
ultrasound
Industry
Medicine
Electron
microscopy
Synthetic
(computer
generated)
imaging
Ultrasound
Mineral or Oil exploration
Example of ultrasound
imaging
(a) Baby
(b) (b) another view of baby
thyroid (c) thyroid
(d) muscle layers
Tungsten Damaged IC
Synthetic imaging
3D objects
Image Segmentation
Restoration
Representatio
Image n&
Enhancement description
Image Object
Acquisition recognition
Image Display
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
Moniter
LCD Short-Term-Memory
Display Card On-Line-HD, CD-ROMs
Archival-Tapes, CD-
ROMs
Printers
Film cameras
Digital Units
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.
.Image Acquisition
.Input Device Calibration Printing
printer
Card Image
.Image Processing and Editing correction
Generation
.Employee/Client Database
.ID Card Designer & Generator printer
ID Card
.Printer Calibration parameter
Editing
generation
.Printer Controller
• Image Acquisition
– Scanner
• Scanner control interface CCD
–CCD image
acquisition
bitmap file
• CCD & Image capture card Scanner
Fixed Size
• CCD Control Interface
Image Processing Image Analysis
Image acquisition
Low level Image enhancement
Image compression
Mid level
Image segmentation
Image analysis
Object recognition (Computer vision,
High level Pattern recognition,
Scene understanding
etc.)
Semantics
Image Acquisition and Representation
RGB
channels
Image Compression
Video: Frame by Frame
30 frames/second
Image Enhancement
Image Restoration
Image Segmentation