Principles of Management

Introduction
• University of Ghana Business School
• Academic year, 2019/2020
• Semester two
• UGBS 104
• Principles of Management
 Definition - Management
• A set of activities directed at an
organisation’s resources with the aim of
achieving organisational goals in an efficient
and effective manner (Griffen, 2002).
 What then is a goal?

• An end that management desires to reach.

(Bateman & Snell, 2002)
 Goals
• Altruistic
• Economic
• Survival
• Profitability
• Growth
 Objectives
• Specific performance targets outcomes and
results.

– measurable
– time bound
• What is an organization?
 Organisation?
• Two or more persons engaged in a systematic
effort to produce products (Bartol and Martin,
1998).
• a group of individuals who agree to share their
effort in the realisation of common goals
(William, 2008)
• A deliberate arrangement of people assembled
to accomplish some specific purpose (Pearce
and Coulter, 2012)
 Organisation types
• Not-for profit
• Profit making
• Formal
• Informal
• Small
• Large
Characteristics of organisations
– Made up of people (social unit)
– Managers
– Common goal
– Substitution of personnel
– Structure
– Rules and regulations
– Division of labour
Management process
 Planning
• Process of setting performance objectives
and determining what actions should be
taken to accomplish them (Schermerhorn,
2008; Kinicki, 2016).
 objective
–Eg. To increase sales by 20% next year

• What actions to take:

–Understanding customers so that good

and quality products can be produced.
 Organising
• The process of allocating and arranging
resources so that plans can be carried out
successfully.
 Putting it into action
How?
• Determine what tasks are to be done
• How jobs will be grouped
• Staffing jobs with individuals who can successfully
carry out plans
• Providing the needed resources,
• Giving personnels what to do etc
 Leading
• The process of influencing others to engage
in the work behaviour necessary to reach
organisational goals.
 Controlling
• The management function of monitoring
progress so that actual performance
conforms to expected goals and making
needed changes.

• The process of measuring performance

and taking action to ensure desired
results.
 Managerial performance
• main purpose of management:
– performance
Effectiveness
– Doing the right things.
– Attaining organizational goals
Efficiency
– Doing things right
– Getting the most output for the least inputs