Overview

Sistem Saraf

dr. Ken Wirastuti, M Kes, Sp.S

Bagian / SMF IP. Saraf
Universitas Islam Sultan Agung- RSI. Sultan Agung
Semarang
 WHAT ARE NERVE CELLS?
 Neurons are similar to other cells in the body
 Surrounded by cell membrane
 Have a nucleus that contains genes
 Contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other organelles
 Carry out basic cellular processes such as protein synthesis and
ATP production
 Neurons
 Specialized extensions called dendrites and axons
 Communicate with each other by electrochemical process
 Contain some specialized structures (synapses) and chemicals
(neurotransmitters)
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 NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

 A. Neurons:
respond to stimuli
and conduct nerve
impulses

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 NEURON COMPOSITION
 Most neurons consist of a cell body and
extensions called dendrites and axons.

 Cell Body: contains the nucleus

 Nucleus:

 Dendrites: carry impulses towards cell body

       
 Axon: carry impulses away from the cell body

 Synapse:   consists of:

1. a presynaptic ending that contains
neurotransmitters, mitochondria and
other cell organelles,
2. a postsynaptic ending that contains
receptor sites for neurotransmitters and,
3. a synaptic cleft or space between the
presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.      

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NEURON CLASSIFICATION
 1. Sensory (Afferent) Neuron: brings information TO the CNS
 
 2. Motor (Efferent) Neuron: takes information FROM CNS to other parts of the body,
cell body located in CNS
 
 3. Interneuron (Association Neurons): helps coordinate and integrate info between
sensory and motor neurons, cell body located in CNS

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 NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

 B. Glial Cells:
support and
protect neurons
(maintenance)

Glial cells, which are supportive

Neurons, which are excitable

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Sel-sel Glial – Sistem Saraf Pusat
 Astrocytes: regulate transfer of materials from blood to
the brain - help the workings of "blood -brain barrier"
 
 Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons in CNS
 
 Microglia: phagocytize damaged neurons
 
 Ependymal Cells: line central canal and ventricles - help
circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
 

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 Sel-sel Glial- Sistem Saraf Tepi
 A. Satellite Cells:
surround neuron cell
bodies in spinal ganglia
       
  B. Schwann cells:
myelinate axons in PNS
 

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Otak

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 Cerebrum

 Cerebral Gray Matter (Cortex)

 superficial
 Cerebral White Matter
 deeper
 Corpus Callosum
 connects hemispheres 11
 Sistem Saraf Pusat

Sistem Saraf Pusat:

 Otak

 Medula spinalis 
menyalurkan informasi
dari dan ke otak
 
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 Anatomy and Physiology

The brain is composed of lobes-

 Frontal lobe:
 Voluntary motor functions
 Concentration
 Verbal communication
 Decision making
 Planning
 Personality
 Parietal lobe- sensory function
 Temporal lobe- hearing and olfaction and emotion by the
limbic system
 Occipital lobe- vision

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 Diencephalon
 Structures
 Thalamus:
▪ Relay station from spinal cord
▪ Crude impulse Pleasant vs.
Unpleasant
 Hypothalamus
▪ ANS (Emotional Visceral Brain)
▪ Body Temp, H2O balance,
Metabolism
▪ Appetites (thirst, hunger)
▪ Pleasure & Pain
▪ Regulate sleep/wake cycles
 Epithalamus
▪ Pineal body (endocrine system)
▪ Choroid plexus (cerebrospinal
fluid) 15
Brain Stem
 Areas
 Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
▪ Convey impulses
 Pons
▪ Controls breathing
 Medulla Oblongata
▪ Heart rate, Blood
Pressure, Swallowing,
Vomiting, etc.

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Cerebellum

 Coordinate (and fine

tune) skeletal
muscle movements
 Maintain
equilibrium and
posture

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 Protection of Brain
 Meninges
 dura mater
 arachnoid mater
 pia mater
 Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Eliminate waste
 Blood-Brain Barrier
 Least-permeable
membrane in body

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Spinal Cord
 Continuation of Brain Stem
 Cervical
 Thoracic
 Lumbar
 Sacral
 Coccygeal
 Ends between L1 & L2

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 Spinal Cord
 Gray Matter
 Posterior Horns (dorsal)
 Anterior Horns (ventral)
 CSF
 Central Canal
 Protection
 Vertebrae
 Dura mater
 Arachnoid
 Piamater

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 Sistem Saraf Perifer/Tepi

Sistem saraf tepi :

 Nervi kranialis
 Nervi spinalis
 ganglia

SST 
 menghantarkan impuls
kepada target organ dan
otot-otot (eferen)
 Membawa informasi
sensorik ke otak (aferen)
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 Sistem Saraf Tepi
PNS 2 divisions:
 Somatic –> control skeletal muscle, bones, skin that a
person can control
 Sensory neurons which relay info about environment to CNS
 Motor neurons which initiate appropriate response sensory
& motor neurons

 Autonomic  control the muscles of the glands and

internal organs which we can’t control
 Sympathetic-”fight or flight” action
 Parasympathetic
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Sistem Saraf Somatik

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Saraf Kranialis
 PURELY SENSORY (AFFERENT)
 CN I
 CN II
 CN VIII
 PURELY MOTOR (EFFERENT)
 CN III
 CN IV
 CN VI
 CN XI
 CN XII
 MIXED (BOTH) SENSORY & MOTOR
 CN V
 CN VII
 CN IX
 CN X

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Sistem Saraf Otonom

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Definisi
 Nervus (Nervi= bentuk jamak): kumpulan akson yang
terletak di luar sistem saraf pusat

 Traktus : kumpulan akson yang terletak di dalam sistem

saraf pusat

 Nucleus : kumpulan badan sel di dalam sistem saraf

pusat

 Ganglion (ganglia= bentuk jamak): kumpulan badan sel di

luar sistem saraf pusat

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Pemeriksaan Neurologi

 LBM 1 :
 Pemeriksaan Motorik: gerakan, kekuatan, tonus, trofi,
refleks fisiologis
 LBM 2 :
 Pemeriksaan Motorik: Refleks Patologis
 Px. Rangsang meningeal
 Anamnesa: Kasus nyeri kepala
 LBM 3 :
 Px. Sensorik
 Px. Nervi Kranialis
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 LBM 4 :
 Px. Penderita dengan penurunan kesadaran
 Px. Koordinasi dan gait

 LBM 5 :
 Integrated Patient Management
 Px. Nyeri Pinggang
 Px. Sensorik (ulangan)

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Terima Kasih

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