Definition of Memory

“Memory is the process of maintaining

information over time.” (Matlin, 2005)
 Stages of Memory
• Encoding
– the processing of information into the
memory system
• Storage
– the retention of encoded information
over time
• Retrieval
– process of getting information out of
memory
 Levels of Encoding
• Attention

• Level of Processing

– Level 1: Shallow Level

– Level 2: Intermediate Level

– Level 3: Deepest Level

 Memory Storages/
Types of Memory

•Sensory Memory

•Short-term Memory

•Long-term Memory
 Sensory Memory
• It is for few seconds only. It can deleted
or decay soon.
• Sensory association areas involved
• 2 types of sensory memory
– Iconic Memory: related to icons or
images
– Acoustic Memory: related to auditory
sensory memory
Sensory Memory
• information that has just entered iconic
memory will be pushed out very
quickly by new information, a process
called masking.
 Short-term Memory
(Working Memory)

• Lasts for seconds to minutes without rehearsal.

• Recalling the event that happened very

recently,within hours or days.

• Prefrontal cortex involved

Long Term memory
• Long term memory can store
much larger quantities of
informationfor potentially
unlimited duration.
• Examples: Recalling first day of
school
 Long-term Memory
Declarative/ Non-declarative/
Explicit Memory Implicit Memory

• Episodic • Procedural

• Semantic • Priming

• Lasts for months and years

 Explicit Memory
• Explicit memory involves conscious effort

• Episodic memory is personal Ideas or facts

• Semantic memory involves words or concept
 Implicit Memory
• Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which
people show without awareness that they are
remembering something
• Implicit memory occurs without deliberate effort

• Procedural Memory: does not require attention and

is automatic like car driving
Retrieval: Priming
 Hypothesized Memory
Processes


Performance

Incoming Retrieval
information
Working Long-term
Sight memory storage

 
Sound
Sensory Short-term
Consolidation
buffers Encoding storage
Smell

Touch
Loss of information

Adapted from Rozenzeig, 2002

 Hypothesized Memory
Processes
Performance

Incoming Retrieval
information
Working Long-term
Sight memory storage

Sound
Sensory Short-term
Consolidation
buffers Encoding storage
Smell

Attention Rehearsal
Touch

Adapted from Rozenzeig, 2002

 Involved brain regions
Short-term memory
• Prefrontal cortex, sensory
association areas
Declarative long-term memory
• Hippocampus
Procedural long-term memory
• Basal ganglia, motor
association areas, cerebellum
Emotional long-term memory
• Amygdala
 Amnesia

• Retrograde Amnesia
– Loss of past memory (what
happened before the injury)

• Anterograde Amnesia
– Can’t form new memories
(brain damage, car accident)

Anterograde Amnesia
 Improve Your Memory
• Study repeatedly to boost recall

• Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking

about the material
• Make material personally meaningful
• Use mnemonic devices
– associate with peg words--something already stored

• Study in spaced intervals

 Improve Your Memory

• Minimize interference

• Test your own knowledge

– to rehearse it

– to determine what you do not yet know