VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA  SANGAMA” ,  BELAGAVI - 590018

Technical Seminar Presentation

On
“optical data security”
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Presented By
                                 Putluru Maneesha                                                         1RL17EC079
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof.Shilpkala
Associate Professor 
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

R. L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561 203
2020-2021
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

ABSTRACT
o Due to the development digital computer technologies and digital television for
the next generation, there is a growing demand to store large sizes of data. 
o  Optical technology can provide a number of ways to solve the problem of large
storage and fast transmission of data.
o Unlike bit-oriented optical memories such as DVD and CD, in optical storage
two-dimensional data is stored as a hologram on a photosensitive crystal,
by illuminating the interference pattern formed by an object beam and a reference
beam. 
o Using angle wavelength, and phase multiplexing techniques, one can store
multiple images at the same position, thus increasing the storage capacity.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
3 KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

 CONTENTS
Introdution 
Optical data storage principle
Basic components
Recording and reading of data
Encryption techniques
Applications
Conclusions
References 
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

INTRODUCTION
o Optical data storage is an alternative to magnetic disk data storage.
o Currently data access times are extremely slow for magnetic disks when
compared to the speed of execution of CPU so that any improvement in data
access speeds will greatly increase the capabilities of computers, especially with
large data and multimedia files.
o Optical memory uses a three dimensional medium to store data and it can access
such data a page at a time instead of sequentially, which leads to increase in
storage density and access speed.
o Optical memory uses the basic principles of holography for the recording
purposes.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Optical data storage principle

o Holographic method was a two step coherent image forming process in which a
record is made of the interference pattern produced by the interaction of the
waves diffracted by the object and a coherent background or a reference wave.
o When this hologram is illuminated, the original wave front is reconstructed.
o Hence we get an image of the original diffracting object as a real 3
dimensional object.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Basic components
o Laser
o Lens and mirrors 
o Spatial light modulators
o Photosensitive materials
o Charge coupled devices
o Phase masks for encryption
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Laser
o Laser is a device for the generation of coherent, nearly       
monochromatic and highly directional electromagnetic radiation
emitted.
o Fundamental attributes of a laser are directionality, mono
chromaticity, coherence and brightness.
o To record holograms on the crystals usually
argon ion lasers, krypton lasers and diode are used.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

  Lens and Mirrors
o Mirrors are used to reflect laser beams to the desired direction.
o  Lenses are usually used to converge the laser to a point. 
o A special type of lens is used in the case of optical recording called
the Fourier lens. 
o The lens has the property of obtaining the Fourier transform and the
inverse transform system.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Spatial Light Modulators (SLM)

o SLM is an optical device that is used to convert the real image or data
into a single beam of light that will intersect with the reference beam
during recording. 
o It basically consists of an array of pixels which are usually
microscopic shutters or LCD displays. These can be controlled by a
computer. The computer sends binary data to the SLM.  Each pixel of
the SLM corresponds to bit of data. D
o epending on whether the bit is a 1 or  a 0 the pixel will go dark 
or transparent in the case of a LCD,
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Photosensitive materials 
Photorefractive crystals

o The recording medium usually used is a photo refractive crystal such as LiNbO3 or
BaTiO3 that has certain optical characteristics.
o One characteristic of the recording medium that limit the usefulness of holographic
storage is the property that every time the crystal is read with the reference beam
the stored hologram at that location is disturbed by the reference beam and some of
the data integrity is lost.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

                                    Photopolymers

o Photopolymers have been developed that can also be used as a

holographic storage medium.
o Typically the thickness of the photopolymers is much less than the
thickness of photo refractive crystals because the photopolymers are
limited by mechanical stability and optical quality. 
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

 Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)

o The charge-coupled device is, by far, the most common mechanism for
converting optical images to electrical signals. 
o CCD’s are silicon devices, which contain an array of potential wells
created through a series of column, implants (for vertical
confinement).
o  A CCD is a silicon-based semiconductor arranged as an array of
photosensitive elements, each one of which generates photoelectrons
and stores them as a small bucket of charge or potential wells.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Phase Masks for Encryption

o In the case of encryption, a plane polarized monochromatic wave front
illuminates the encrypted phase mask, which consists of a random
array of phase-shifting pixels.
o  These phase-masks are produced by electronically scrambling the
original information, to be encrypted, with a random pattern and using
this to generate an encrypted phase mask. 
o The decrypting key effectively reverses the scrambling operation in
the optical domain and results in the production of a wave front in
which the information of interest is encoded as a relative phase shift
between different sections of the wave front, in this case
corresponding to the pixels.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

 Recording and Reading Of Data
 Optical recording of data 
o In holographic data storage, light from a coherent laser source is split into
two beams, signal (data-carrying) and reference beams. 
o Digital data to be stored are “ encoded” onto the signal beam via a spatial
light modulator. The data or strings of bits are first arranged into pages or
large arrays. The o’s and 1’s of the data pages are translated into pixels of
the spatial light modulator that either or transmit light . 
o The light of signal beam traverses through the modulator and is therefore
encoded with the “checkerboard” pattern of the data page.
o  This encoded beam then interferes with the reference beam through the
volume of a photosensitive recording medium, storing the digital data
pages. 
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

 Optical reading of data

o The interference pattern induces modulations in the refractive index of the recording
material yielding diffractive volume gratings.
o  The reference beam is used during readout to diffract off of the recorded gratings,
reconstructing the stored array of bits. 
o The reconstructed array is projected onto a pixilated detector that reads the data in
parallel. This parallel readout of data provides holography with its fast transfer rates.
o The readout of data depends sensitively upon the characteristics of the
reference beam .By varying the reference beam, for example by changing its angle
of incidence or wavelength, Many different  data pages can be recorded in the same
volume of material and read out by applying a reference beam identical to that used
during writing.
o  This process of multiplexing data yields the enormous storage capacity of
holography.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

 Encryption Techniques 
There are many different types of encryption techniques available. Here
three main techniques used for encryption has been described.
They are :
• Encrypted Memory Using Double Random Phase Encryption.
• Encrypted Memory Using Three-Dimensional keys in
the fresnel Domain.
• Encrypted Memory Using Wavelength-Code and Random Phase
Masks.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Applications
In ultra short communications
o Encrypted memory used  double random phase encryption cann be used in
secure communication network using ultra short  pulses.
o In this system the original data is stored in an encrypted memory system. The
encrypted data read out from  the memory is converted into a one
dimensional temporal pulse using the space to time converter and then is
transmitted to users via optical fibers. 
o  At the receivers the temporal signal is converted again into a  spatial signal
by the time to space converter.
o The authorized users can decrypt the data using the correct key.
o  This system can be expected to communicate at an ultra high speed of more
than 1 Tb/s.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

Conclusions
o Three encrypted optical memory systems have been discussed here. 
o These systems are secure because the total number of mathematical possibilities
of the multidimensional keys, which consists of two dimensional phase masks,
their three dimensional positions, and wavelengths of light, is extremely large. 
o  It is expected that the encrypted memory system is to play an important role in
ultra-fast secure communication systems using the spatial temporal converters
with ultra short pulse that enable communication at ultra high speed of more than
Tb/s. 
o It is believed that the substantial advances in recording media, recording methods
and the practical consideration of optical data storage and greatly enhance the
prospects for Hollography to become a next generation storage technology.
 R.L. JALAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KODIGEHALLI , DODDABALLAPUR – 561203

References 

• www.bell-labs.com
• www.ieee.org
• www.laser2000.co.uk
• www.ing.iac.es
• www.src.le.ac.uk

Journals
• O.Matoba &B.Javidi , “ENCRYPTED OPTICAL STORAGE  WITH       ANGULAR
MULTIPLEXING” , Applications of Optics Vol.38
• F.H Mok , “ANGLE MULTIPLEXED STORAGE OF 5000 HOLLOGRAMS IN
Lithium Niobate” , Optics letters Vol.11
 Thank you