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Hypothesis Testing: Basic Concepts and Tests of Association, Chi-Square Tests
Hypothesis Testing: Basic Concepts and Tests of Association, Chi-Square Tests
F(x2)
df = 4
= .05
x2
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) Formulate Hypotheses
2) Calculate row and column totals
3) Calculate row and column proportions
4) Calculate expected frequencies (Ei)
5) Calculate 2 statistic
Chi-square Statistic (2)
• Measures of the difference between the actual numbers
observed in cell i (Oi), and number expected (Ei) under
independence if the null hypothesis were true
(Oi Ei )
n 2
2
i 1 Ei
With (r-1)*(c-1) degrees of freedom
r = number of rows c = number of columns
Degree of Freedom
v = (r - 1) * (c - 1)
r = number of rows in contingency table
c = number of columns
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) Formulate Hypotheses
2) Calculate row and column totals
3) Calculate row and column proportions
4) Calculate expected frequencies (Ei)
5) Calculate 2 statistic
6) Calculate degrees of freedom
7) Obtain Critical Value from table
The chi-square distribution
F(x2) Critical value = 9.49
df = 4
School B 20 16
C 45 18
This is a ‘Cell’
D 16 6
E 9 2
0.24 * 0.67 *
Chi-square example 150 36/150