Medical Biology

Lab Manual
Lab -1-
Dr. Raz Nawzad
 Introduction to Biology
• What is biology?
• Is the study of living organisms, that divided
into many specialized fields that cover their
morphology, physiology, anatomy, behaviour,
origin, and distribution.
 Cell biology
• is the study of cells—the fundamental units of
structure and function in living organisms.
 Cells: the basic unit of structure and function in
living cells.
 Tissue: groups of similar cells that perform a
particular function.(muscle)
 Organ: several types of tissue working together
that perform a particular function(heart, brain)
Cell biology
 Introduction to Microscopy
• To understand the biology cells you need the
capability of light microscope, because it gives
us the ability to see objects that are too small
to be observed with naked eye, and to detect
the structural details of micro cells.
 Microscope
• There are many types of microscopes, from
simple ones to highly sophisticated transmission
and scanning electronic microscopes.
• Electron microscope requires a beam of
electrons to create specimen images. That is
why it produces images with higher
magnifications and has a greater resolving
power than a light microscope, allowing it to see
much smaller objects in finer detail
 Light Microscope
• The light microscope is also known
as “high power microscope” or
“compound microscope”.
• Images of specimens are magnified
by effects of two magnifying lenses.
The enlarged image is achieved by
the objective lens. This image is
further magnified by eyepiece lens.
 Use of Light Microscope
• Light microscopy is the simplest form of
microscopy. It has tools that are used to
observe the small organisms or object and
even macromolecules.
 Parts of Microscope:
1. Eyepiece/Ocular Lens :Is used to look
through the microscope
2. Body Tube: The body tube holds the
objective lenses and the ocular lens at the
proper distance
3. Revolving Nosepiece: Holds the objective
lenses and allows you to change lenses
4. Arm: Used to support the microscope when
Carried.
 Parts of Microscope:
5. Objective Lenses: Lenses with different
magnifications (usually from 4 x to 100x)
6. Stage: The flat surface on which the slides are
placed
7. Stage Clips : Holds slides in place
8. Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light that
passes through sample slide/specimen
 Parts of Microscope:
9. Condenser: Collect amount of light on the
slide/specimen.
10. Coarse Adjustment: Moves the stage up and
down (quickly) for focusing your image.
11. Fine Adjustment: This knob moves the stage
SLIGHTLY to sharpen the image
12.Carrying handle: Supports all other parts of the
microscope
13. light/ mirror: Shines light through the sample
 Caring and handling of the Microscope

• Always carry microscope with both hands,

hold the arm with one hand and rest the base
on the other hand.
• Always carry a microscope in upright position.
• Lenses should be cleaned ONLY with lens
paper.
• If the dry lens doesn't clean the lens, you may
moisten the paper with distilled water.
 Using Light Microscope
 Start on the lowest magnification, use the coarse
adjustment knob to find the field.
 If required, change the lens to a higher
magnification one.
 Use the fine adjustment knob to focus, when using
high magnification lenses (40, 100) To determine
your magnification you just multiply the ocular lens
by the objective lens Total Magnification = Eyepiece
Lens (10X) * Objective Len