EYEPIECE

EYEPIECE TUBE

COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

BODY
TUBE
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
REVOLVING NOSE PIECE
OBJECTIVE
ARM
LENSES
STAGE
CLIP
SPECIMEN STAGE

DIAPHRAG INCLINATION JOINT

REFLECTIVE MIRROR

BASE

PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
  Eyepiece - Contains a lens that magnifies about 10x
 Body tube - Separates the eyepiece lens from the objective lens
 Nosepiece- Holds the low-power and high- power objective lenses; allowa the lenses to rotate for viewing
 High-power objective lens - Magnifies about 40x
 Low-power objective lens - Magnifies about 10x
 Diaphragm - Controls the amount of light passing through the opening of the stage
 Mirror Reflects - light upward through the diaphragm
 Coarse adjustment knob - Moves the body tube for focusing with the low-power objective abjective lens
 Fine adjustment knob - Moves the body tube for focusing with the high-power objective lens
 Arm - Supports the body tube
 Stage - Supports the slide being used
 Stage clip - Holds the slide in place
 Base - Support the microscope

 Microscope is an important investigative tool used for studying objects and organisms around us.

 Microorganisms like bacteria cannot only be seen by the naked eye, Knowing its parts as well as the
appropriate ways of using and maintaining it will make your study exciting, efficient and meaningful.

It contains lens or a combination of lenses to produce highly magnified or enlarged images of small objects or
specimens. A light source could be the sunlight through the mirror or from an electric light bulb.

Compound microscope is the most common type of microscope. The word compound is used because in order to
magnify an image, a path of light from the source will pass through a path with series of lenses, where each lens
enlarges the image formed by the previous lens. In this process the images of the small object become larger when you
view it.
The parts of a compound microscope can be divided into three groups. The magnifying, illuminating and the
mechanical parts. The magnifying parts include: the objective lenses and the eyepiece. The eyepiece allows you to look
through and observe the enlarge image of the object while the objectives lenses magnify the image.

The illuminating parts provide and manage the light source in order to clearly see the image of the object. The parts
include the: diaphragm which controls the passing of light in the opening of the stage and the mirror or an electric
lamp/ light bulb used to provide light on the object and help focuses it

The mechanical parts provide support and protection to the other parts of the microscope. The parts include, the
course adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, stage and stage clip, arm and base, revolving nosepiece, and the body
tube. The course adjustment knob which is used to move the tube and the objective lenses closer or farther away from
the stage to view the image of the object while the fine adjustment knob which moves the stage up and down and
brings the image of the object into fine focus producing a clearer and more detailed view of the object. The stage and
stage clip are used to support and hold the slide in place. The arm supports the tube and connect It to the base. The
revolving nosepiece allows proper position the objectives lenses and the body tube holds the eyepiece and the revolving
nosepiece in place.

Rules for Microscope Use:

1. Carry the microscope properly.
2. Always begin focusing with the 4X objective.
3. Use the coarse focus only with the 4X objective in place.
4. Use immersion oil only with the 100X objective (oil immersion lens) in place.
5. Use only ONE drop of oil
6. Lower the stage and then remove the slide when you are done.
7. ALWAYS clean the microscope when you are done. Use a Kimwipe or lens paper and the alcohol in the labeled
jars.
8. Always place the 4X objective over the stage and be sure the stage is at its lowest position before putting the
microscope away
9. Always turn off the light before putting the microscope away.
10. Always wrap the cord correctly before putting the microscope away.
11. Always return the microscope to the correct cabinet.
12. Always place the oculars toward the BACK of the cabinet

When carrying out activity using a microscope in the laboratory, there are necessary reminders that you have to
observe and follow care carefuly. These include the following.

1. Carry the microscope with your both hands. Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand under the
base for support.
2. Put the microscope on a table with the arm towards you.
3. Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers
4. Use only a special lens paper to clean the lenses.
5. Keep your microscope covered when not in used.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Atoms and Molecules: The smallest units of matter, such as carbon atoms and water molecules, form the basis
of biological molecules.

2. Cells: The basic structural and functional units of living organisms, such as plant and animal cells.

3. Tissues: Groups of cells with similar functions and structures combine to form tissues, like muscle or nervous
tissue.

4. Organs: Different types of tissues work together to perform specific functions in organs, such as the heart or
liver.

5. Organ Systems: Organs working together form organ systems, like the cardiovascular system or the digestive
system.

6. Organism: The complete individual living entity, whether it’s a single-celled organism or a complex
multicellular organism.

7. Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area.

8. Community: Populations of different species living in the same area and interacting with each other.

9. Ecosystem: A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment, including abiotic factors
like soil and climate.

10. Biome: Large geographic regions characterized by similar climate, vegetation, and animal life.

11. Biosphere: The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life, including all ecosystems.

PARTS OF CELL
 The Basic unit of life.

Discovery of Cells:

 Robert Hooke (mid - 1600s)

 Observed silver of cork
 Saw raw of empty boxes
 Coined the term cell

Cell theory

 (1839) Theodor Scnwann and Matthias Sclelden "all living things are made of cells."
 (50 yrs. Later) Rudolf Virchow "All cells came from cells."
Principles of Cell Theory

i. All living organisms are composed of cells: This principle asserts that the cell is the basic unit of life and that
all living things, whether single-celled or multicellular, are made up of cells.

ii. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms: This principle emphasizes that the cell is
the fundamental structural and functional unit in living organisms. Each cell carries out necessary processes
for life.

iii. All cells come from pre-existing cells: This principle states that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
through the process of cell division. This concept opposes the idea of spontaneous generation, which posited
that living organisms could arise from non-living matter.

 When the scanning (4x) objective is used the total magnification will be 40x
 When the low power (10x) objective is used the total magnification will be 100x
 When the high power (40x) objective is used the total magnification will be 400x
 When the oil immersion (100x) objective is used the total magnification will be 1000x

CELL PARTS AND FUNCTION

 Vacuole – Stores material within the cell
 Chloroplasts (grana) – Closely stacked. Flattened sacs (plants only)
 Ribosome – The sites of protein synthesis
 Vesicles – Transports material within the cell
 Cytoplasm – Jelly-like substance in the cell
 Nucleus – Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
 Chloroplasts – Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their
green color
 Lysosome/Peroxisome - Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria
 Ribosome - Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum
 Vescicles - Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
 Cell Wall - Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some
protists
 Mitochondrion - Produces a usable form of energy for the cell
 Golgi Apparatus - Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
 Smooth ER - Produces lipids
 Nucleolus - Site where ribosomes are made
 Plasma Membrane - The membrane surrounding the cell