Microscope – is an instrument that magnifies or makes tiny objects looks bigger.

Simple Microscope- contains only one lens.

Compound Microscope – contains two or more lenses.

Robert Hooke – one of the first scientist to use the microscope for scientific purposes.

- Discovery of the cell in 1665

Marcello Malpighi – father of embryology and early histology.

- His first was the ‘Monumental importance in animal physiology.

Antione Van Leeuwenhoek – learned to grind lenses and made simple microscope.

Compound Light Microscope – uses light as an illuminating source and has lower magnification.

- Eyepiece lenses and Objective lenses

‘PARTS OF MICROSSCOPE’

Eyepiece – the lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen.

Draw Tube – cylindrical structure on top of the body tube that holds the ocular lenses

Body Tube – attached to the arm and bears the lenses.

Revolving Nosepiece - rotating disc where the objectives are attached.

Objectives – secure the specimen, produce most of the magnification

High power objective– magnify 40x

Low power objective – magnify 10x

Stage clips – secure the specimen to the stage

Stage – where the specimen to be viewed in place

Diaphragm – controls the amount of light reaching the specimen, located above the condenser and
below the stage.

Mirror – used to reflect light from external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

Base - supports the entire microscope

Coarse Adjustment Knob – moves the body tube up and down in large movements to focus the image.

Fine Adjustment Knob – moves the body tube in small movements to fine tune or sharpen the focus.

Arm – acts as a handle and supports the body tube.

Inclination Joint – used to tilt the body tube and stage, usually best to keep the stage horizon.

Pillar – part above the base that supports the other parts.
Electron microscope – can magnify more than 300 000 times.

- Uses electron beam as an illuminating source and has higher magnification.

‘’TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE’

Stereo microscope – gives tri-dimensional view

Scanning Electron Microscope – view photography themselves.

Transmission Electron Microscope – used in cell organelles.

Water – most important inorganic compound.

1. High Polarity – water has a polar molecule, meaning it has a positive and negative end.
2. High Heat Capacity –
3. High Heat of Vaporization –
4. Cohesion, Surface Tension and Adhesion –

Cohesion – tendency of like molecule to cling to each other.

Acid – is a substance that gives off hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

Base - is any substance that releases hydroxyl ions when dissociate in water.

Salt – are formed from chemical combination of acids and base.

Neutralization reaction – chemical reaction

Biomolecules – bodies of organisms contain thousands of different kinds of molecules called

biomolecules.

Polymers – a biomolecule is composed of long chains of similar subunits

Dehydration – synthesis reaction builds molecules up and generally require energy

Hydrolysis – reaction break molecules down and generally release energy.

Carbohydrates – means carbon water which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of 2
hydrogen atoms for every one carbon and one oxygen atom.

Liquids – biomolecules that are not soluble in water but are soluble in oil.

Fatty acids and Glycerol – building blocks of lipids

Proteins – most versatile among macromolecules because they have the most diverse functions.

- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Nucleic acid – are long polymers of repeating units called nucleotides.

‘four nitrogenous bases’

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – the DNA contains the genetic code that directs synthesis of proteins in
cells. The DNA is shaped like a double helix.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) – is a long strand of nucleotides and is used by the cells in making proteins using
genetic instructions encoded in the DNA.

Plasma Membrane – also called cell membrane can be likened to the security personnel who
implements policy.

Cytoplasm – composed of water carbohydrates and many other chemicals. Known as gel like material.

Nucleus – spherical body that contains DNA, the genetic material that controls all the cells activities.

Cell organelles – tiny structures that perform specific functions.

Ribosomes – protein factories

- Are tiny bead like structures made up of RNA and proteins.

Golgi Complex - packaging factories

- They collect, package and distribute the materials manufactured in the cells such as lipids
and proteins.

Lysosomes - suicidal sacs

- It contains powerful digestive enzymes, and it releases digestive juices.

Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell

- The large amount of mitochondria helps in harvesting more energy needed by these cells.

Plastids energy converter – are oval shaped structures in the plant cells.

3 types of plastids:

Chloroplasts - known as the green pigment

Chromoplasts – or colored plastids contain red, yellow and orange pigments.

Leucoplasts – colored plastids store in food in the form of starch. Chloroplasts are larger than
mitochondria.
Vacuole – water bag

- A membrane bound sac that stores water vacuoles can also store food and other
substances.

Centrioles – aid in cell division by causing the movement of chromosomes.