1.

Structure of a generalized cell

The basic units of structure for all living
organisms are cells.
- Cell membrane: controls what enters and leaves
the cell and is important in cell recognition
- Nucleus : contains chromosomes which control
the cell’s activities
- Cytoplasm: semi-fluid
- Ribosomes : make proteins from amino acids
- Mitochondrion: makes ATP, the cell’s energy store
Cell Theory: Cell theory all living things are made
up of cells or the products of cells. The cell theory
is based on observations of structure invisible to the
naked eye. Without the extension of vision made
possible by microscopes, scienetists could never
have made such observations.
 All living things or organisms are made of cells.
 New cells are created by old cells dividing into two.
 Cells are the basic building units of life.
 The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and
organization in living things.

2. Microscope
Basic parts of the microscope:
Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look
through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.
Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base
Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support
Illuminator: A steady light source used in place of a
mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to
reflect light from an external light source up through the
bottom of the stage.
Stage: The flat platform where you place your
slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your
microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to
move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves
it left and right, the other moves it up and down.
Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that
holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to
easily change power.
Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective
lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of
4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers.

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how

close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at
the factory and keeps students from cranking the high
power objective lens down into the slide and breaking
things

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens

is to focus the light onto the specimen.

Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating

disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized
holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the
cone of light that is projected upward into the slide.
Coarse adjustment : This is used to focus the
microscope. It is always used first, and it is used only
with the low power objective

Fine adjustment : This is used to focus the microscope.

It is used with the high-power objective to bring the
specimen into better focus

3. Life Processes
- Movement : All living things can move
- Respiration : Respiration is a chemical reaction that
produces energy in every living cell Oxygen+Glucose
- Sensitivity : Respond to environment
- Grow : Get bigger
- Reproduction : All living things produce offspring
- Excretion : Getting rid of waste
- Nutrition : Taking in vital nutrients

4. Body systems
- Integumentary
- Nervous
- Circulatory
- Respiration
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Lymphatic/ Immune
- Muscular
- Respiratory
- Skeletal
- Urinary
Organisation of the body
- Cell : basic building block, specialized to carry out
different functions
- Tissue : A collection of similar cells working together
to carry out the same function
- Organ : A collection of different tissues working
together to carry out one function
- Organ system : A collection of different organs and
tissues working together to carry out one function

5. Health and community: An individual’s

health is affected by the community in which
they live. The importance of loving, caring and
responsible adults for the physical, mental
and emotional health of children and babies

Terms :
- Health and health organisations:
 Health Practitioners
 Health visitors
 Environment health officers and public health
inspectors
 The Health Development Agency
 The World Health Organisation ( WHO)
- Fitness
 Stamin: endurance, the ability to keep going
without gasping for breath
 Strength: muscle power
 Suppleness: flexibility, having the maximum
natural range of movement
- Diet- nutrients and deficiencies in the diet
 Proteins
 Lipids ( fats, oils)
 Carbohydrates
 Mineral
 Vitamins
 Dietary fibre
 Water

- Substance abuse
a. Alcohol : is the most commonly used and abused
drug
b. Smoking : Nicotine is the addictive ingredient in
tobacco, used in cigarettes, cigars and pipes
c. Cannabis: is the most widely used illegal drug in the
UK. The consequences of using cannabis ( known as
marijuana, hashish or grass)
d. Solvent abuse :sometimes referred to as glue sniffing
- Stress management can be achieved either by
decreasing the amount of stress in your life or by
learning to cope better with the stress you experience
- Exercise – benefits and longterm consequences