• All living things whether they are plants

or animals are made up of cell

• Cells are basic units of all living things
•Cells are very small and cannot be
seen with the naked eye.
•Cells of living things can be observed
using a microscope
Eyepiece
These are the functions
To lookofthrough
the different
and magnifies
parts of a
the
microscope
image of the specimen
Objective lens To form and magnify the image of
the specimen
Adjustment To focus the image of the
knobs specimen
Stage To support the microscope slide
Clips To keep the slide in position
Diaphragm To control light entering the lens
Mirror To reflect light to the objective
lens
Arm For holding the microscope
HOW TO CARRY A MICROSCOPE

Hold the
arm with
one hand

Put another
hand under the
base as sapport
 THINGS TO REMEMBER

1.Always keep the microscope clean and

dry

2.Use the low power objective lens first

before you use the high power objective
lens

3.Turn the focus knob slowly and carefully

so that you do not break the slide

4.Never touch the lenses with your fingers

1. Place the microscope in a place
which is bright enough.
2. Put the microscope on a flat surface
with the arm directed towards you
3. Adjust the low-power objective lens
until it is directly above the hole in
the stage
4. Adjust the diaphragm to
the maximum opening

5. Look through the eyepiece and

adjust mirror until you see a bright
circular area

6. Place the prepared slide over the hole

in the stage and fix the position of the
slide with the clip
7. Turn the coarse focus knob to lower
the objective lens until it nearly
touches the slide

8. Look through the eyepiece and turn the

knob to move the objective lens upwards
until a clear image is seen

9. Adjust the fine focus knob until a sharp

image is seen
10. To enable a larger image to be seen
change the low-power objective lens
to high-power objective lens and
adjust the fine focus knob until a sharp
image is produced
• controls
substances
moving into or out
of the cell
• controls all
activities of the cell
• chemical reactions
take place here
• stores food and
wast products
•Usually the largest part of a plant cell
•Stores salt and sugar solution
Comparison between the structures found
in the animal cell and the plant cell

Plant cell

Animal cell
 UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

•Unicellular organisms carry out all

the processes that normal organisms
do

•Unicellular organisms are made of

only one cell and are microscopic or
very small
EXAMPLE

Amoeba Yeast

Paramecium Euglena Chlamydomonas

 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

•Multicellular organisms carry out all

the processes that normal organisms
do

•Multicellular organisms are made of

more than one cell.

•Animals and most plant are

multicellular organisms
EXAMPLE
The examples of multicellular organisms
from the animal kingdom

Bird Human Frog

The examples of multicellular organisms
from the plant kingdom

Fern Spirogyra mosses

sunflower conifers
The examples of multicellular organisms
from the fungi kingdom
 ORGANISATION OF CELLS
1.The human body made up of millions of
different types of cells
2.The cells in the human body are
different in size, shape and function
1.Epithelial cells

Protect the cells

below them from
injury

2.Bone cells

Make up the bones

that protect and
support the body
3.Nerve cells

Sends and receives

impulses from all
over the body

4.Red blood cells

Carry oxygen into

the body
5.White blood cells

Protect the body

from
microorganisms
attack

6.Muscular cells

Form muscle that

enable us to move
7.Reproduction cells

Can unite with an

egg cell to form an
embryo

Can unite with a

sperm cell to form
an embryo
 THE ORGANISATION OF CELLS IN THE
HUMAN BODY
☻The cell in the human body do not work individually
☻They are organised to work together to perform
specific functions

cell Tissue Organ System Organism

☻The organisation of cell in this way enable

multicellular organisms to carry out various
processes of life such as moving, breathing and
reproduction
 cell
The human body is made up
of many tiny units called cells
Each type of cell carries out a
special function
Different types of cells have
different structures
 Tissue
Cell of the same type combine to form tissue
Examples:-

Nerve cell Nerve tissue

muscle cell muscle tissue

 Organ
Different tissue may be grouped together
to perform a particular kind of work.

Such a group of tissue is an organ

An organ consist of two or more types of

tissue that perform its function.

Each type of tissue in an organ help the

organ to perform its function
EXAMPLES
OF ORGANS
OF THE
HUMAN
BODY
 System Organs in system
System
Muscular All types of muscles and tendons
A few organ work together to perform a certain
Skeletalin a life
function bones, cartilage,
process joints,
to form ligaments
a system
Digestive Mouth, oesophagus, stomach,
pancreas, intestines, liver
Respiratory Nose, trachea, lungs,
Blood Heart, veins, arteries
circulatory
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Excretory Kidney, skin, liver, urinary
bladder, lungs
Reproductive Testis (male), ovary (female)
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS

Brain

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Spinal
cord

Function: Receives
Nerves and sends
information
 BLOOD CICULATORY
SYSTEM

Heart
Function: To pump
artery blood round the
body

Vena
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

oesophagus
stomach
pancreas
intestine
Function: Breaks
food down into
simple substances
for absorption
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

cartilage Function:
Supports and
protects the inner
organs of the
bone body
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Function:
Contracts and
relaxes muscles to
move the body
EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Function:
Remove
unwanted waste
products
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Function:
Supplies oxygen
and removes
carbon dioxide
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

ovary

testis

Function: Produces young for the next

generation
Name each of the following organs and
also the system to which it belongs

Organ : Heart

System : Circulatory system

Organ : Lungs

System : Respiratory system

Organ : Brain

System : Nervous system

Organ : Skin

System : Excretory system

Organ : Stomach

System : Digestive system

Organ : Bones

System : Skeletal system

Organ : Nose

System : Respiratory system

Organ : Intestines

System : Digestive system

Organism
An organism is made up of many systems
All systems work together to form an
organism
THE ORGANISATION OF CELLS IN
THE HUMAN BODY
 HUMAN BEINGS ARE COMPLEX
ORGANISME
Human being are complex organisms
because
- the human body is made up of various
kinds of cell
- cell specialization in the human body
enables each cell to function efficiently

Human being are more intelligent than any

other living things on Earth
Human beings are special organisms
because
- Human beings possess the most
developed brain to allow us to
think rationally