Level of

ORGANIZATION IN
ANIMAL
COMPLEXIBILITY
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organ and Organ Systems
THE CELL
 WHAT IS CELL?
Cells are the basic building blocks of all
living things. The human body is composed
of trillions of cells. They provide structure
for the body, take in nutrients from food,
convert those nutrients into energy, and carry
out specialized functions.
WHAT DOES CELL
LOOKS LIKE?
 WHAT IS THE
FUNCTION OF THE
CELL?
They provide structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into
energy, and carry out specialized functions.
Cells also contain the body's hereditary material
and can make copies of themselves. Cells have
many parts, each with a different function.
 PARTS OF THE ANIMAL CELL
• Vacuoles • cytoskeleton
• cytoplasm • Mitochondria
• Vesicles • Endoplasmic reticulum
• Centrioles • Nucleolus
• Ribosomes • Golgi apparatus
• Nuclear • Nucleus
membrane
 VACUOLES
A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell
organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are
generally small and help sequester waste
products. In plant cells, vacuoles help
maintain water balance.
VACUOLES
 CYTOPLASM
Is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of
a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and
various organic molecules. Some
intracellular organelles, such the nucleus and
mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes
that separate them from the cytoplasm.
CYTOPLASM
 VESICLES
Are tiny sacs that transport material within
or outside the cell. There are several types of
vesicle, including transport vesicles,
secretory vesicles, and lysosomes.
VESICLES
 CENTRIOLES
Are paired barrel-shaped organelles located
in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the
nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in
organizing microtubules that serve as the
cell's skeletal system. They help determine
the locations of the nucleus and other
organelles within the cell.
CENTRIOLES
 RIBOSOMES
Is the cellular machinery responsible for
making proteins. There are many ribosomes
in each cell, each made up of two subunits.
These two subunits lock around the
messenger RNA and then travel along the
length of the messenger RNA molecule
reading each three-letter codon.
RIBOSOMES
 NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
Is a double layer that encloses the cell's
nucleus, where the chromosomes reside. The
nuclear membrane serves to separate the
chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm and
other contents.
 NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
Nuclear
Membrane
 CYTOSKELETO
N cells maintain their
Is a structure that helps
shape and internal organization, and it also
provides mechanical support that enables
cells to carry out essential functions like
division and movement.
CYTOSKELETO
N
 MITOCHONDRI
are membrane-bound cell organelles
A
(mitochondrion, singular) that generate most
of the chemical energy needed to power the
cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical
energy produced by the mitochondria is
stored in a small molecule called adenosine
triphosphate.
MITOCHONDRI
A
 ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Is a large, dynamic structure that serves many
roles in the cell including calcium storage,
protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The
diverse functions of the ER are performed by
distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets
and the nuclear envelope.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 NUCLEOLUS
is the largest nuclear organelle and is the
primary site of ribosome subunit biogenesis
in eukaryotic cells. It is assembled around
arrays of ribosomal DNA genes, forming
specific chromosomal features known as
nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) which
are the sites of ribosomal DNA transcription.
NUCLEOLUS
 GOLGI
APPARATUS
Also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell
organelle that helps process and package
proteins and lipid molecules, especially
proteins destined to be exported from the
cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS

Golgi Golgi
Apparatus Apparatus
 NUCLEUS
as related to genomics, is the membrane-
enclosed organelle within a cell that contains
the chromosomes. An array of holes, or
pores, in the nuclear membrane allows for
the selective passage of certain molecules
(such as proteins and nucleic acids) into and
out of the nucleus.
NUCLEUS
 FUN FACT ABOUT
THE CELL
• There are two main types of cells, the
eukaryote and prokaryote
• Prokaryotes were the earliest and most
basic forms of life on Earth.
• Cells contain DNA.
THE TISSUE
 WHAT IS TISSUE?
A group of identical cells, combined with an
intercellular substance, fulfill a specialized
role in multicellular creatures. Animal tissues
are divided into four groups: epithelial
tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and
neural tissue.
WHAT DOES TISSUE
LOOKS LIKE?
 WHAT IS THE FUNCTION
OF THE TISSUE?
Tissues provide shape to the body and help
body to conserve heat and store energy.
There are four types of tissues: Connective
tissue, Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue and
Nervous tissue.
 DIFFERENT TYPE OF
ANIMAL TISSUE

• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
are widespread throughout the body. They
form the covering of all body surfaces, line
body cavities and hollow organs, and are the
major tissue in glands. They perform a
variety of functions that include protection,
secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration,
diffusion, and sensory reception.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
are made up of a matrix consisting of living
cells and a non-living substance, called the
ground substance. The ground substance is
made of an organic substance (usually a
protein) and an inorganic substance (usually
a mineral or water). The principal cell of
connective tissues is the fibroblast.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
 NERVOUS TISSUE
Is found in the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and
controlling many body activities. It
stimulates muscle contraction, creates an
awareness of the environment, and plays a
major role in emotions, memory, and
reasoning.
NERVOUS TISSUE
 FUN FACT ABOUT
THE TISSUE
• Tissue is a group of cells that have similar
structures and that function together as a unit.
• A Tissue forms part of an organ in plants or
animals.
• The noun tissue comes from the Old French word
tissu, meaning “a ribbon, or belt of woven
material.”
THE ORGAN
 WHAT IS AN
ORGAN?
In biology, an organ is a collection of tissues
that structurally form a functional unit
specialized to perform a particular function.
WHAT DOES AN ORGAN
LOOKS LIKE?
 MAJOR ORGANS FOUND
IN ANIMALS
• Brain • Intestines
• Heart • Skin
• Lungs • Reproductive
• Kidneys organs.
• Liver
• Stomach
 THE BRAIN
The brain is a complex organ that controls
thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor
skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger
and every process that regulates our body.
Together, the brain and spinal cord that
extends from it make up the central nervous
system, or CNS.
THE BRAIN
 THE HEART
The heart is the organ that pumps the blood
through the circulatory system, helped by the
body movement. It is mostly made up of
cardiac muscle cells, which are found only in
this organ.
THE HEART
 THE LUNGS
All mammals have lungs which are the main
organs for breathing. Lung capacity has
evolved to support the animal's activities.
During inhalation, the lungs expand with air,
and oxygen diffuses across the lung's surface
and enters the bloodstream. During exhalation,
the lungs expel air and lung volume decreases.
THE LUNGS
 THE KIDNEYS
The most important function of the kidney is
to filter the blood for urine formation. The
kidneys help to maintain the water and salt
levels of the body by working together with
the pituitary gland. It excretes toxic
metabolic wastes like urea and uric acid into
the urine.
THE KIDNEYS
 THE LIVER
Its primary functions are metabolic:
maintenance of homeostasis, glucose and
lipid energy. It is a place of storage of
nutrients and it synthetizes plasma proteins.
The liver also favors the body's creation of
complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins,
glycoproteins) by precursors.
THE LIVER
 THE STOMACH
The stomach is also the major site for protein
digestion in animals other than ruminants.
Protein digestion is mediated by an enzyme
called pepsin in the stomach chamber. Pepsin
is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach
in an inactive form called pepsinogen.
THE STOMACH
 THE INTESTINE
Animal digestion begins in the mouth, then
moves through the pharynx, into the
esophagus, and then into the stomach and
small intestine. Nutrients are absorbed in the
small intestine and waste is prepared for
elimination in the large intestine.
THE INTESTINE
 THE SKIN
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer
tissue covering the body of a vertebrate
animal, with three main functions: protection,
regulation, and sensation. Other animal
coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton,
have different developmental origin, structure
and chemical composition.
THE SKIN
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Reproductive structures produce gametes
(eggs and sperm) and facilitate the meeting of
gametes to produce a zygote (fertilized egg).
In animals ranging from insects to humans,
males produce sperm in testes, and the sperm
are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation.
THE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
 FUN FACT ABOUT
THE ORGANS
• Your brain doesn't feel pain!
• A heart beats around 115,000 times a
day.
• The stomach breaks down food using
chemicals.
• Your liver can regenerate!
THE ORGAN
SYSTEMS
 WHAT IS AN
ORGAN SYSTEM?
An organ system is a group of organs that work
together to perform a certain function in an organism's
body. Most animals and plants have organs, which are
self-contained groups of tissues such as the heart that
work together to perform one function. Humans and
other mammals have many organ systems.
WHAT DOES AN ORGAN
SYSTEM LOOK LIKE?
 THE ORGAN SYSTEM IS
COMPOSED OF THE
• FOLLOWING:
•
Integumentary System Digestive System
• Skeletal System • Respiratory System
• Muscular System • Circulatory System
• Nervous System • Excretory System
• Endocrine System • Reproductive System
 THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
The integumentary system is an animal's outer
protective covering. It shields the animal from
abrasions, punctures, bacterial infections,
desiccation and water saturation, and
ultraviolet rays. The integumentary system in
humans is composed primarily of the skin,
which consists of the epidermis and dermis.
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A skeletal system is necessary to support the
body, protect internal organs, and allow for
the movement of an organism. There are three
different skeleton designs that fulfill these
functions: hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton,
and endoskeleton.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system is composed of
specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their
predominant function is contractibility.
Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs
and blood vessels, are responsible for
movement. Nearly all movement in the body
is the result of muscle contraction.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is the part of an animal's
body that coordinates its behavior and
transmits signals between different body
areas. In vertebrates it consists of two main
parts, called the central nervous system (CNS)
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is instrumental in
regulating growth and development, tissue
function, metabolism, and reproductive
processes. Hormones affect nearly every cell
in the body by traveling through the
bloodstream and binding to specialized
receptors.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The primary functions of this system include
prehension of food and water; mastication,
salivation, and swallowing of food; digestion
of food and absorption of nutrients;
maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance;
and evacuation of waste products.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is the organ system
animals use to bring in oxygen and get rid of
carbon dioxide. We call the process of
bringing in oxygen and releasing carbon
dioxide breathing.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
In most animals, the circulatory system is
used to transport blood through the body.
Some primitive animals use diffusion for the
exchange of water, nutrients, and gases.
However, complex organisms use the
circulatory system to carry gases, nutrients,
and waste through the body.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Its main function is to eliminate by filtration
waste products resulting from cellular
metabolism or incorporated from the
environment, for example, during feeding,
salt excess in seabirds, etcetera. The main
excretory system in animals is the urinary
system.
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system has multiple
functions in animals. The most important
one is the production of gametes, haploid
cells specialized in the transmission of the
genetic information. Male gametes are the
spermatozoids and female gametes are the
oocytes.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUN FACTS ABOUT THE
ORGAN SYSTEMS IN
ANIMALS
• Crocodiles cannot stick their tongue out.
• Starfish do not have a brain.
• Slugs have 4 noses.
THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY!
Thank You!