U2-ORGANIZATION OF THE

HUMAN BODY
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Classify each structure with an
organization level:
Femur

Stomach

White blood cell

Nervous system

Protein

Blood

Neurone

Skin

Muscle
BIOELEMENTS

Bioelements. Are the athoms that are present in living things.

 BIOMOLECULES

Biomolecules are made

up of a combination of
athoms
BIOMOLECULES
 CELLS

Cells are made up of biomolecules.

Cells have different size and shape. The shape is in relation to the
function.
 TISSUES

Cartilage tissue Blood tissue

Adipose tissue
Nervous tissue

Tissues are groups of cells that possess a similar structure and perform a
specific function.
 ORGANS

An Organs is a collection of
tissues that structurally form a
functional unit specialized to
perform a particular function
 SYSTEMS

Systems are groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform
important jobs for the body
 COMPOSITION OF LIVING THINGS
• Bioelements: the atoms that make living things.
The main one are C,H,O,N,P,S.

• Biomolecules: are the molecules that are

present on the living things. They are formed
when bioelemnts join together.
 Biomolecules

INORGANIC
ORGANIC

WATER CARBOHYDRATES
SALT MINERALS LIPIDS
OXYGEN AND CARBON PROTEINS
DIOXIDE NUCLEIC ACIDS
INORGANIC MOLECULES
• Inorganic molecules are those who are present both in
living things and inert matter.
 WATER:

Is the main molecule in the body. Water in the body is

in relation to the age, the sex and the type of organ.
WATER
 WATER MAIN FUNCTIONS
• Main component of cells and of the body fluids
• It keeps the cell moisted
• It acts as termorregulator helping to mantain
constant the body temperature
• It is the medium where happen reactions in the body
 Mineral salts
• They can be
present in two
forms:
- As solved ions
(Na+, Ca+2)

- As precipitated
crystals (Calcium
carbonate in
bones)
Mineral salts in the body
 OXYGEN (O2) AND
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

• OXYGEN: Cells need it to do cellular respiration, to get

energy from nutrients. We take it from the atmosphere
when we breathe.
• CARBON DIOXIDE: It’s produced in cells after cellular
respiration and we take it out from the body when we
exhalate.
• Both substances move in our body by the blood.
ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES:
They are those who are only present in living things
and those tha have carbon as main component.

Types: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteíns and nucleic

acids.
 CARBOHYDRATES
• They are molecules made of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• They are composed by
monomeres that can join and
make big molecules.
• The monomere is called
monosaccharide. An important
monosaccharide is glucose.
Monosaccharides: Glucose
• It`s the monosaccharide
taht our body use to get
instant energy.
• We obtain it from sugary
food.
 Disaccharides
• When two
monosaccharides
join together they
form disaccharides
such as lactose,
sucrose or maltose.
 Polysaccharides
• When many
monosaccharides
join together they
form
polysaccharides
such as Starch,
Cellulose and
glycogen.
 Polysaccharides

Starch is a reserve substance produced by some plants

 Polysaccharides

Glycogen is a reseve substance from animals. We have

this substance in the muscle tissue.
 CARBOHIDRATES IN FOOD
• They are found in
aliments like: pasta,
potatoes, rice,
bananas, legumes,
cereals in general,
sugar, honey.
 LIPIDS
• There are three kind of
molecules:
– Fats: they can be broken
into fatty acids and glycerol
– Phospholipids: they can be
broken into fatty acids,
glycerol and a phosphoric
group
– Cholesterol: it has no
relation to the previous
lipids.
 LIPIDS IN FOOD

• In food they are present in oil, avocado, butter,

seeds, saumon, egg.
 PROTEINS
• They are formed by a monomeres that are called aminoacids.
 PROTEINS
• Some important proteins are:
– haemoglobin (transport
oxygen),
– antibodies (protect us
from pathogens)
– collagen (form our nails,
hair, skin)

In food they are present in

meat, fish, legumes, egg,
milk.
 NUCLEIC ACIDS
• They are formed by
monomeres that are called
nucleotides.
• There are two types:
– DNA(deoxyribonucleic
acid). Contains the genetic
information
– RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Helps to build up proteins.

They need to be formed in

the organisms from nutrients
we take.
Activities:
1. What is the difference between organic and
inorganic biomolecules?

2. What are the organic biomolecules?

3. Which is the monomere of carbohydrates? Of

proteins? Of nucleic acids? Of lipids?

4. Which food contains lipids, proteins and

carbohydrates at the same time?
Activities:

5. Classify the type of molecule:

 THE CELL: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
• Structural unit because it makes
the structure. Every living thing is
made up of cells.
• Functional unit because it is the
smallest structure that carries out
the three vital functions (nutrition,
relation and reproduction).
• Genetic unit: because it is the
samllest unit that contains the
genetic information of the
individual.
• Original unit because all cells come
from other cells.
 UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR LIVING
THINGS
UNICELLULAR LIVING THINGS MULTICELLULAR LIVING THINS
They are microscopic living things They are made up of many cells.
made up of a single cell. They are present in Animal, Plant,
We can find this living things in the Fungi and Protista kingdom
Monera kingdom, Fungi kingdom
and Protista Kingdom

Paramecium (2 µm)
Yeast

Bacteria
VITAL FUNCTIONS
¿Which picture is related to each vital
function?
 Types of cells
There ara two tipes of cells:
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells.
Prokaryotic cells are only present
in the Monera kingdom.
The other living things are
eukaryotes.

The eukaryotes may have animal

cell or plant cell.

All animals have animal cell, so we

also have animal cell.

Cells in our body may have

different shape depending on their
function.
 Parts of the cell
• Every cell has at least three
components:
- Plasma membrane: this
membrane surrounds the
cell and enables the
interchange of substances
with the outside of the cell.
- DNA: it is the genetic
information.
- Cytoplasm: is the liquid
that fills the cell wher are
found the organelles.
 Prokaryotic cells
• Size: 0,1- 5 µm
• No nucleus. The DNA is in the cytoplasm
without a special cover.
• Usually they are covered by a cell wall
• They may have a capsule
• They have ribosomes
• Prokaryotic living things are called bacterias,
they belong to the Monera kingdom.
• They are the elder living thing, fiirst in
evolution.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
 Eukaryotic cell
• More complex and generally larger than
prokaryotic (10-100 µm)
• DNA is inside the nucleus
• It has many organelles in the cytoplasm
• We find eukaryotic cells in all the kingdoms
but not in Moneras.
Eukaryotic cell
PARTS OF THE ANIMAL CELL
 EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Cell membrane: it
has two layers of
phospholipids,
with cholesterol,
and protein
molecules. This
structure is called
fluid mosaic.
Cell membrane microscope view
• Cytoplasm:
– Hyaloplasm: liquid inside the cell
– Organelles:
– Cytoskeleton: structure that works as an internal skeleton
for the cell.
• Cytoskeleton.
Protein fibres
involved in
movement, internal
organization and cell
division.
Ribosomes

Structure: Small structures, very numerous in

cells, composed of proteins and ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
Function: Ribosomes produce proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum(RER)
Structure: set of flattened
cisterns that are
connected to the nucleus
at some points of their
structure. They are also
interconnected with each
other. It presents
associated ribosomes in
its external part (hence
the rough).
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(RER)

Function: storage
and transport of
proteins.
Smooth
Endoplasmi
Reticulum (SER)

Structure: Set of small

tubules that form a net
(reticulum). It does not
present associated
ribosomes (hence the
smooth)
Function: Lipid
Synthesis
• Golgi body or Golgi
apparatus
• Structure: Set of flattened
cisterns or sacs and
vesicles. They have two
faces (Cis and Trans)
• Function: transform
substances that arrive
from the Reticulum
forming vesicles with the
final protein.
• Lysosomes:
Structure: rounded
vesicles produced by the
Golgi body.
Function: They contain
hydrolitic enzimes
involved in intracellular
digestion
• Centrosome: it consist in two centrioles.

Structure: Two cylindrical structures that are placed

perpendicular to each other. They only appear in animal cells.
Function: They help in cell division.
• Cilia and flagella:
Structure: they are cytoplasmic projections. Cilia are short and
abundant. Flagella are long; usually only one or two are present.
Function: They are involved in cell movement.
• Mitochondria
• Structure: Elongated structure surrounded by a
double membrane. The outer membrane is
smooth, while the inner membrane forms
folds called mitochondrial cristae. Inside there
is a liquid similar to the cytoplasm called
mitosol or mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondria
have their own DNA (mitochondrial DNA,
mtDNA)
• FUNCTION: Obtaining energy from nutrients
through cellular respiration reaction.
• Cellular respiration
 EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Nucleus
• Nucleus Function:
organ responsible for
transmitting
hereditary information
• Nucleolus: a round,
dense structure made
up of RNA and
proteins. It is only
visible when the cell is
not dividing.
• Nucleoplasm: the
fluid inside the
nucleus
• Chromatin: a
combination of DNA
and proteins. In cell
division chromatin
condenses into
chromosomes
Eukaryotic plant cell
• Chloroplast
Structure: They are
limited by an envelope
formed by the two
concentric membranes
and contain many
vesicles, the
thylakoids, where
there is chlorophyll.
• Function: they do the
photosynthesis
reaction.
Vacuoles: specialized vesicles to
store substances (typical of plant
cells)