Sustainable Landfill Management (SLM)

in The Netherlands
Kai-Uwe Heyer (IFAS), Willem van Vossen (Royal Haskoning)

CONTACT

W.J. van Vossen MSc

Royal Haskoning
P.O. Box 525,
5201 AM ‘s-Hertogenbosch
The Netherlands
w.vanvossen@royalhaskoning.com
T +31 73 687 41 77, M +31 6 514 00 181

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The current Dutch policy concerning modern landfills is based on isolation of the waste from its
environment. Infiltration of rain water is limited by means of an impermeable top liner to such an
extent that emissions to ground- and surfacewater are reduced to acceptable levels. In addtion measures
to capture and process landfill gas have to be installed. This appraoch however is not a sustainable
solution. The pollution potential stays in place and will be imminent, whenever the isolation measures
fail. Therefore the isolation requires etenal aftercare. A group of Dutch landfill owners, combined in
the Dutch Sustainable Landfill Foundation consider isolation and eternal aftercare not a real and
sustainable solution for the mitigation of unacceptable emissions due to landfills. In 2006 they already
completed the project ‘Sustainable Landfilling’, aimed at landfills yet to be constructed. Main
conclusions of this succesfull project was that biochemical and physical processes in the waste body
significantly reduce the emission potential. As a sequal to this project, in 2008 they initiated a project
‘Sustainable emission reduction at existing landfills’ to evaluate the possibilities and effects of
sustainable landfill-methodologies at existing landfills. The main goal of this initiative is a full scale
demonstration of sustainable emission reduction at one or more existing landfills in the Netherlands. As
an essential part of the demonstration project, a risk assessment method should be created to assess the
achieved extent of the the sustainable emission reduction. When sustainable emission reduction also
leads to admissible emission levels, less stringent aftercare or discharge from aftercare would be
possible. Two existing landfills have been selected: the landfill ‘Wieringermeer’, owned by Afvalzorg,
and the landfill ‘Kragge’, owned by Attero. The first step of the initiative is the execution of a
feasibility study in order to draft a well substantiated project proposal for the two landfill
Wieringermeer en Kragge. It comprises generic aspects (processes in the waste body) as well as
specific aspects (current status of emission potential, design of enhancing measures, investigation
programme and cost-estimate of the two landfills).

INTRODUCTION, SCOPE AND BACKGROUNDS

In the Netherlands a moratorium is valid on the construction of complete new landfills. This means that
we only make a distinction between the following two landfill categories:
1. 3800 old landfills, exploited in the 1950’s to 1980’s and installed without any measures to protect
the environment. These landfills are considered to be a special source of pollution, which have to
meet the Dutch target values and intervention values for soil remediation (risk based approach).
2. 70 existing landfills, exploited in the last 30 years. These landfills are partly recently closed and
partly still in operation and have to meet the requirements of the Dutch landfill legislation (1993),
which has been adapted to the EU Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 of April 1999 on the
landfilling of waste (zero emission).

Old landfills
The development of sustainable solutions for the aftercare of our landfills started in 1990 at the old
landfills. It was expected to find severe groundwater pollutions underneath and downstream the
landfills. Therefore at all 3800 landfills groundwater monitoring systems have been installed. The
results however showed that at more than 75% of the landfills no severe groundwater pollution was
found (< intervention values). The hypothesis is that the absence of groundwater pollution was caused
by the self-cleaning ability of nature. This hypothesis was proved by an in-depth investigation at 80
representative old landfills (lit 1). This resulted in a new sustainable groundwater monitoring
methodology, which takes into account the advantages of Natural Attenuation.

(Natural Attenuation (NA) represents all natural processes in the waste body as well as in the downstream groundwater
plume, influenced by emitted leachate, which are able to reduce/neutralize concentrations of contaminating compounds to
admissible concentration levels with respect to environmental and human risks. These NA-processes are dominated by
microbiological decay, chemical precipitation and sorption to organic matter and/or silt particles.

Nowadays this methodology has been accepted by the Dutch competent authorities and has been
applied at more than 500 landfills in the Netherlands and abroad (Hungary, Lithuania).

Existing landfills
The current Dutch policy concerning modern landfills is based on isolation of the waste from its
environment. Infiltration of rain water is limited by means of an impermeable top liner. In addition
measures to capture and process landfill gas have to be installed. This approach however is not a
sustainable solution. The pollution potential stays in place and will be imminent, whenever the isolation
measures fail. Therefore the isolation requires eternal aftercare. A group of Dutch landfill owners,
combined in the Dutch Sustainable Landfill Foundation, considers isolation and eternal aftercare not a
real and sustainable solution for the mitigation of unacceptable emissions due to landfills. They already
completed the project ‘Sustainable Landfilling’, aimed at landfills yet to be constructed (lit 2). Main
conclusions of this project were that biochemical and physical processes in the waste body significantly
reduce the emission potential.

Sustainable landfill management

Merging knowledge and expertise from research at old and existing landfills, resulted in the start
(2005) of a national demonstration project at the Vlagheide landfill (NL) titled: ‘Sustainable emission
reduction at existing landfills based upon natural biochemical processes (NA)’ (lit 3). This first phase
of this demonstration project was completed in 2009 and resulted in a new strategy and methodology,
called the SANA-model (SANA stands for Sustainable Aftercare of landfills based upon Natural
Attenuation). The final goal of the project is to prove the capability of NA to phase out the emission of
inadmissible contaminants from the waste body to groundwater. This prove will be required by the
competent authorities in order to adjust legislation, which will allow the application of the SANA-
model.
NA-GROUNDWATER MONITORING METHODOLOGY

Vision and Strategy

The NA-groundwater monitoring strategy is based on the fact that natural processes occur in the
landfill body as well as in the groundwater plume underneath and downstream the waste body. NA is
able to reduce concentrations of contaminants to admissible limit values. As a result of NA, few
contaminants leave the landfill, and the wide range of redox-conditions in the downstream groundwater
(from methanogenic to nitrate-reducing conditions) nearly always contains specific boundary
conditions necessary for biotransformation and precipitation of contaminants. The advantages of the
NA-groundwater monitoring methodology can be summarised by means of the following core notions:
• The landfill is considered to be a dynamic biochemical reactor instead of a static black-box.
• Less stringent aftercare or discharge from aftercare instead of traditional everlasting aftercare.
• No environmental burden to next generations (sustainable solution).
• Redevelopment of the landfill site becomes acceptable (increase of value of land).

Objectives
The objectives of the NA-groundwater monitoring methodology can be formulated as follows:
- to be able to have the disposal of the right (series of) data in order to take the right strategic
decisions with respect to less stringent aftercare or discharge from aftercare;
- to improve the understanding of the absence/presence of certain pollutants in a certain time period;
- to increase the quality of decision making for both landfill owner and competent authority;

The NA-methodology
The main starting point of the NA-groundwater monitoring methodology is that the chemical macro-
parameters in the leachate are relatively homogeneous divided in the leachate of the landfill body. The
organic and inorganic micro-contaminants are more or less heterogeneous divided in the waste body
and besides they are more retarded than the chemical macro-parameters in the leachate. This means in
case of leakage, that first macro-parameters will emit the landfill and will cause a ‘macro-plume’
downstream the landfill site. If no macro-plume is detected, than neither a micro-plume (micro-
contaminants) can be present.

The NA-groundwater monitoring metho-

NA-groundwatermonitoring: stepwise-approach
dology consists of a practical stepwise
REACTIVE STRATEGY PROACTIVE STRATEGY approach (figure 1) and is suitable for
Non extensive
Macroplum e?
Determ ination initial application at every landfill. Application
NA-m onitoring no NA-situation inside and
(m acro’s)
(dow nstream)
outside landfillbody of the methodology is flexible and
Non extensive
yes
dynamic, because there is a choice
Watertypes
NA-m onitoring
(m icro’s + m acro’s)
no Microplum e?
redox conditions between a reactive or proactive NA-
yes strategy and periodical measurements can
Determ ination
Intensive
NA-m onitoring
yes
NA is
after care
Check w ith
em ission em ission risk be adjusted to actual NA-situation in and
option risk-model m odel (ERM)
outside the landfill body. The first step in
Classic
rem ediation
no yes
Contam ination
no
Recalculation the NA-methodology is to detect the
expected? ERM
absence/presence of a downstream
NA-specific macro-plume, which is easier, quicker
no and more cost-effective to detect than the
absence/presence of a micro-plume.

Figure 1 Stepwise approach NA-groundwater monitoring methodology

The macro-chemical parameters are used to define water types by means of a K-means cluster analysis.
These water types can be defined as groundwater that has a specific macro-chemical composition that
allows the identification of the level by which the groundwater is influenced or not by landfill leachate.
The next step is to determine the present redox conditions.

The reactive NA-strategy means that ‘action’ takes place after determination the downstream macro-
plume. So the first step is measuring the macro-parameters downstream the landfill site. The proactive
NA-strategy means that NA-conditions will be measured in advance, i.e. determination of the actual
NA-situation in and/or outside the landfill body (water types, redox-conditions).

THE SANA-MODEL

General Approach
From earlier research by Royal Haskoning (lit 1) it already appears that old landfills from the period
1950 -1980 and consequently without the legal required impermeable bottom- and top liners, were less
contaminated than expected. Also at these landfills the natural biochemical processes occurred, which
have degraded and/or immobilized the contaminants. Nature has done its work for decades with the
result that at more than
NA-measurements 75% of all old landfills
the groundwater
Natural Attenuation
Processing
Existing historical data quality was not
Knowledge & expertise of natural Biogas production
processes in terms of the self-cleaning
&
Leachate
exceeding the
interpretation
ability of nature Groundwater admissible environ-
mental limit values.
Explanation actual situation The acquired know-
Presence/absence contaminants
Increase/decrease contaminants ledge combined with
blackbox → greybox → whitebox the scientific proof, has
been converted to our
Extrapolation to future present landfills and
Emission behaviour
Point of time of admissible emission level has been turned into a
Point of time of ending aftercare practical SANA-model
(figure 2).

Figure 2 SANA-model: Sustainable aftercare based on Natural Attenuation

This sustainable emission reduction is not implying that emission completely stops, but meets the
required emission limit values. Natural self-cleaning processes are slow processes, which takes decades
before sustainable emission reduction has been achieved. Until that time inadmissible emissions to the
groundwater are prevented by the present impermeable bottom liner with a minimum life equal to the
necessary time to achieve the sustainable emission reduction. In order to gear this to another, the
autonomic NA-process can be enhanced and accelerated if required by means of technical measures
such as additional infiltration of leachate/water (anaerobic degradation of organic matter) and/or
aeration of the waste (aerobic degradation of organic matter).

Basic natural processes in the waste body

Degradable organic matter (organic carbon) in the waste body plays a key role in the emission potential
of a MSW-landfill. This organic matter, mainly present in disposed domestic waste and organic waste
(vegetables, fruit, garden waste), will be degraded in time by various types of micro-organisms. The
degradation of organic matter will only occur and proceed in the presence of sufficient moisture
content and moisture transport. So the presence of water is a prerequisite for the degradation of present
organic matter.

Extent of degradation
The extent of degradation of organic matter is depending on site-specific conditions with respect to the
type and distribution of organic matter in the waste body as well as the presence and distribution of
moisture in the waste body. For example easily degradable organic matter in combination with
sufficient moisture will probably be fully degraded, while difficult degradable organic matter in
combination with a lack of sufficient moisture will not or hardly be degraded. Because the waste body
is considered to be very
heterogeneous with respect to the
distribution of degradable organic
matter as well as of moisture, the
goal is to reach the most feasible
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 extent of degradation, which can
result in admissible emission levels
Just after Autonomic Enhanced Most feasible
closure the stabilization stabilization final stabilization of leachate and biogas. As an
landfill ↓ ↓
Additional
↓
Final
example for the leachate emission,
↓ Settlements
Reference take place settlements settlements this main approach and goal has
settlement ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ Decreased Additional de- Admissible been visualized in figure 3, in which
High leachate
concentrations
leachate
concentrations
crease in
leachate
leachate
concentrations?
the degradation processes have been
concentrations presented in four phases of the
stabilization progress.

Figure 3 Progress of landfill stabilization and impact on leachate and settlements

If the finally achieved leachate concentrations (stage 4) are still exceeding the admissible emission
levels with respect to groundwater, an environmental risk assessment (source-path-receptor approach)
with respect to groundwater will determine the necessity of mitigating measures in case leachate
migrates into the groundwater due to leakage of the bottom liner. Depending on the local situation, also
Natural Attenuation processes (see previous chapter) might be able to reduce the concentrations in the
groundwater plume to admissible concentration levels with respect to environmental and human risks.

Biochemical processes
Degradation of organic matter in the waste body occurs according to the 5-phase model of Farquhar &
Rovers (1973). These are:
1. Aerobic degradation (weeks)
2. Acid fermentation (months)
3. Intermediate anaerobic phase (years)
4. Methanogenic phase (decades)
5. Aerobic degradation

The most important and most lasting stage is the methanogenic phase, in which the economically
profitable collection of biogas takes place. Besides the production of biogas, also all kinds of macro-
and micro-parameters release, disappear, increase and decrease during the different phases. The organic
matter consists of relatively easy degradable components to non-degradable components on a sliding
scale. In order to be able to come to a clear and understandable conceptual model of the processes in
the waste body, the degradability of organic matter has been simplified into three categories:
1. Easy degradable organic matter, like sugars and proteins.
2. Difficult degradable organic fraction, like (hemi)-cellulose.
3. Non degradable organic fraction, like lignin.

It is generally accepted that the waste body of existing landfills should be considered as very
heterogeneous with respect to the spatial distribution of organic matter in the waste body. This has been
modelled and visualized in the left upper corner of figure 8.

Geochemical processes
In the waste body three different chemical mechanisms control the release of contaminants (heavy
metals, oxy-anions, salts):
1. The dissolution/precipitation of a mineral phase (solubility control).
2. The adsorption processes (sorption control).
3. The dissolution of soluble compounds in the waste material (availability control).

The pH of the waste material and the pH of the leachate are crucial in determining the release of many
contaminants. The pH value of the leachate determines the maximum water phase concentration at that
pH value. Each constituent has its own pH-dependent release curve. The potentially leachable amount
of constituents from the waste material is significantly lower than the total amount in the waste material
(exception are salts). The potentially leachable amount is used as an input parameter in geochemical
model calculations to predict the leaching behaviour of waste materials. The generic speciation of
contaminants in the solid phase and in the leachate of waste material is presented in table 1.

Hydrological processes
As long as an impermeable top liner is lacking, rain water infiltrates in the waste body and percolates
through the waste body downwards to the leachate drainage system. Within the hydrological model it is
generally accepted that moisture content and transport of water to the drainage system take place
according to the triple porosity model by distinguishing the following three zones:
1. Stagnant zones: negligible moisture content and negligible transport of water.
2. Mobile zones: slow transport of water.
3. Preferential channels: fast transport of water.

Because of the various types of waste, which have been disposed over long periods, the hydrological
conditions in the waste body are very heterogeneous. This means big differences of permeability at
different locations in the waste body. The result is that stagnant zones (dry pockets) alternates with
mobile zones (hydrophilic pockets), without knowing the exact spatial positions. This has been
modeled and visualized in the right upper corner of figure 4.

Integrated conceptual model of processes in the waste body

All three categories of organic matter as well as all three hydrological categories of the triple porosity
model are present in the waste body of the landfill, both at random and unknown positions. Combining
both categories as presented in table 2, results into 5 categories of degradation extent of organic matter:
100%, 80%, 60%, 10% and 0% (percentages have been chosen at random and cannot be used as exact
figures). The presence of water is a prerequisite for the degradation processes. For example in stagnant
zones with only the initial moisture content in the waste before disposal and in spite of the presence of
easily degradable organic matter, the extent of degradation of organic matter will be rather small
(60%). At the other hand easily degradable organic matter in preferential channels will be fully
degraded (100%). The above mentioned hypothesis has been modelled by combining the biochemical
and hydrological model into a conceptual model of landfill stabilization (figure 8).
Table 2: Categories of the extent of degradation of organic matter
Hydrological zones Categories of degradability of organic fraction
Easily degradable Difficult degradable Non degradable
Preferential channel 100% 80% 0%
Mobile 80% 60% 0%
Stagnant 60% 10% 0%

Conceptual process design

In the previous paragraphs various notions are used. It is essential to understand what is meant by these
notions. In table 3 these notions are defined and explained and also positioned as sequential steps in a
global process design in order to achieve the admissible emission levels as the final goal. The
admissible emission levels can be achieved by means of a sufficient extent of sustainable emission
reduction as the results of sufficient extent of degradation of degradable organic matter.
Of course this
process design con-
sists of a number of
‘go/nogo’ situations
and decisionmo-
ments, which have
Degradable organic matter Hydrological zones
to be founded on
solid arguments and
figures. For that
reason knowledge
of key performance
Maximum feasible degradation extent indicators (KPI’s)
and how to interpret
them is crucial for
40 the process design
90 40 40
as well as for the
90 0 20 20 20
20 90 90 20 0 20 90
technical design of
90 0 0 90 20 40 20 20 20 a landfill stabiliza-
20 90 20 0 90 90 40 20 0 20 20 tion project. These
Minimum remaining emission potential
no degradation 0 emission potential KPI’s are presented
10 % degradated 90 emission potential in the next chapter.
60% degradated easily degradable stagnant 40 emission potential
80% degradated difficult degradable mobile 20 emission potential
100% degradated none degradable preferential channel 0 emission potential

Figure 4 Conceptual model of the process of landfill stabilization (the showed boxes are not reflecting the scales
model distribution of degradation extent and remaining emission potential in the actual situation in the landfill)

Key performance indicators

Key performance indicators (KPI’s) enable the determination of the current extent and future
developments of degradation of organic matter. It consequently allows the determination of the
maximum feasible extent of stabilization of the landfill i.e. the maximum feasible sustainable emission
reduction. The main indicators to monitor the development of the landfill stabilization process are
leachate composition, methane production, landfill settlement and in situ waste temperature.
Table 3: Process design based upon the conceptual model of landfill stabilization
Notions Definition and explanation
Degradation Degradation of organic matter takes place on the scale of very small waste pockets in the landfill
extent (decimetres). The goal is to achieve the maximum feasible degradation extent of degradable organic matter
of in the waste. This can be the result of autonomic degradation processes or enhanced degradation measures
waste
(infiltration/recirculation of leachate and/or aeration of the waste). Because of the heterogeneous spatial
↓
distribution of degradable organic matter and water in the landfill, it is not realistic to expect at the end a
100% degradation of all degradable organic matter.
Stabilization Stabilization is considered on the scale of the total waste body of the landfill. Theoretically a 100%
Extent stabilized landfill is equal to 100% degradation of all degradable organic matter in the waste body. In
of practice a 100% stabilized landfill can put on a par with the maximum feasible extent of degradation of
landfill degradable organic matter. This means that the maximum feasible degradation of organic matter due to
↓ only autonomic degradation processes, results for example in a 60% stabilization extent of the landfill. The
remaining 40% can be achieved by applying enhancing technical measures (infiltration, aeration).
Sustainable Sustainable emission reduction is defined as a stable and not reversible reduction of emission of
emission constituents from the landfill of both biogas and leachate. The maximum sustainable emission reduction
reduction will be achieved if the 100% stabilization of the landfill, as defined above, has been realized.
Admissible It should not be excluded that the maximum sustainable emission reduction does not meet the required
Emission limit values to be applied with respect to admissible emission levels. In that case mitigating aftercare
level measures must be applied in order to avoid unacceptable emissions due to the landfill. At the other hand it
is realistic to expect that the required limit values have been achieved. In that case less stringent aftercare
or discharge from aftercare would be possible. It also might be possible that the required limit values are
achieved in an earlier stage. In that case and from a point of cost-effectiveness the operation to achieve the
maximum sustainable emission reduction can be stopped, the partial achieved sustainable emission
reduction will be sufficient.

A number of KPI’s, which have been scientifically accepted and/or have showed to be workable in
already executed large scale projects, is given below, subdivided in three main categories:

General KPI’s: settlements, waste composition, moisture content, moisture transport, water balance.

Leachate KPI’s: redox, ammonia, conductivity, acidity, biological oxygen demand, chemical
oxygen demand, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, chloride, total volatile fatty acids,
alkalinity, nutrients.

Gas KPI’s: gas extraction rate, methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, inhibitors.

APPLICATION AND LEGAL STATUS OF SUSTAINABLE AFTERCARE AT LANDFILLS

The SANA-model has been developed during the first stage (2005-2010) of the national demonstration
project ‘Bioreactor Vlagheide landfill’ (lit 3). The positive results of this full scale demonstration
project so far aroused the interest of the Dutch Association of Waste Management (VA) as well as of
the Dutch Ministry of Environment (VROM) and the combined Dutch Provinces (IPO) as the
competent authorities. In practice this means that our Ministry of Environment declared to be receptive
to these new technological developments and stated to involve them in the started revision process of
the landfill legislation. At his moment a contract is in preparation between all involved parties (VROM,
IPO, VA) in which they agree upon the approach, goals, methodologies, measurement program,
assessment criteria and limit values to be applied with respect to the execution of demonstration project
on sustainable landfill management at existing landfills. As a first step feasibility studies has been
executed for the Wieringermeer landfill (lit 4), the Kragge landfill (lit 5) and the Vlagheide landfill (lit
6). The goal of these demonstration projects is the final development of a sound and final set of
assessment criteria and limit values for sustainable aftercare, which might politically be approved by
our parliament and council of ministers and can legally be integrated in the Dutch landfill legislation.
The total investments for the execution of the demonstration projects are more than € 12 million, to be
financed by one third by the three landfill owners and for two third by all the other landfill operators as
a member of the Dutch Waste Association (VA). In return all landfill operators will not be forced to
install the obligatory impermeable top liners at their landfills according to the present landfill
legislation during the execution of the demonstration projects.

MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

The results of studies and demonstration projects so far resulted in an understandable description of all
natural biochemical and geochemical processes occurring in the waste body as well as in an overview
and assessment of technical measures, which are able to enhance these natural processes to achieve the
maximum reachable sustainable emission reduction (i.e. the maximum reachable landfill stabilization).
The current status of the full scale pilot landfills (Vlagheide, Kragge and Wieringermeer) appear to be
suitable for the application of enhanced measures focussed on infiltration of leachate at the landfills
Vlagheide and Kragge (anaerobic degradation of organic matter) and aeration at the landfill
Wieringermeer (aerobic degradation of organic matter). The three owners, Regional District of ‘s-
Hertogenbosch, Afvalzorg and Attero South, are willing to invest in their own pilot landfill. The pilots
will start as soon as the contract between all involved parties has been signed (2012).
Traditional aftercare measures are prescribed and permitted by regional competent authorities, based
upon national legislation. The pilot results are the basis for the implementation of the concept of
sustainable emission reduction at existing landfills becomes a part of the Dutch landfill legislation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wish to thank Theo Folmer, director of the regional district of ‘s-Hertogenbosch, which is
the owner of the ‘Vlagheide landfill’. He made it possible to carry out and to continue the measurement
program at the Vlagheide landfill within the framework of the national demonstration project.
Secondly, the Dutch Sustainable Landfill Foundation (DSLF) for assigning and financing a study to
investigate the feasibility of starting two additional demonstration projects at the landfills Kragge and
Wieringermeer in the Netherlands.

REFERENCES

1. Royal Haskoning, TNO, Bioclear, Free University of Amsterdam (2002), Natural Attenuation and
old landfills, NA-verification methodology and set of characteristic NA-parameters, integrated
report, IPO-publication 141, 25 June 2002.
2. Dutch Sustainable Landfill Foundation (2006), Opening the black box, process-Based Design
Criteria to Eliminate Aftercare of Landfills, May 2006
3. Royal Haskoning and IFAS (2009), Feasibility study sustainable emission reduction at the existing
landfills: processes in the waste body and overview enhancing technical measures, generic report.
4. Royal Haskoning (2010), Bioreactor landfill Vlagheide at Schijndel (NL), results full scale
demonstrattion project over the period 2007-2010, progress report 9T4271, Den Bosch (NL)
5. Royal Haskoning and IFAS (2009), Feasibility study sustainable emission reduction at the existing
landfill Wieringermeer: current status, preliminary design and cost-estimate, specific report, ‘s-
Hertogenbosch (NL), 25 March 2009.
6. Royal Haskoning and IFAS (2009), Feasibility study sustainable emission reduction at the existing
landfill Kragge: current status, preliminary design and cost-estimate, specific report, ‘s-
Hertogenbosch (NL), 30 March 2009.
7. Royal Haskoning (2012), Feasibility study sustainable emission reduction at the existing landfill
Vlagheide: current status, preliminary design and cost-estimate, specific report, Den Bosch (NL).