Level of

ORGANIZATION IN
ANIMAL
COMPLEXIBILITY
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organ and Organ Systems
THE CELL
 WHAT IS CELL?
Cells are the basic building blocks of all
living things. The human body is composed
of trillions of cells. They provide structure
for the body, take in nutrients from food,
convert those nutrients into energy, and carry
out specialized functions.
WHAT DOES CELL
LOOKS LIKE?
 WHAT IS THE
FUNCTION OF THE
CELL?
They provide structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into
energy, and carry out specialized functions.
Cells also contain the body's hereditary material
and can make copies of themselves. Cells have
many parts, each with a different function.
 PARTS OF THE ANIMAL CELL
• Vacuoles • cytoskeleton
• cytoplasm • Mitochondria
• Vesicles • Endoplasmic reticulum
• Centrioles • Nucleolus
• Ribosomes • Golgi apparatus
• Nuclear • Nucleus
membrane
 VACUOLES
A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell
organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are
generally small and help sequester waste
products. In plant cells, vacuoles help
maintain water balance.
VACUOLES
 CYTOPLASM
Is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of
a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and
various organic molecules. Some
intracellular organelles, such the nucleus and
mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes
that separate them from the cytoplasm.
CYTOPLASM
 VESICLES
Are tiny sacs that transport material within
or outside the cell. There are several types of
vesicle, including transport vesicles,
secretory vesicles, and lysosomes.
VESICLES
 CENTRIOLES
Are paired barrel-shaped organelles located
in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the
nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in
organizing microtubules that serve as the
cell's skeletal system. They help determine
the locations of the nucleus and other
organelles within the cell.
CENTRIOLES
 RIBOSOMES
Is the cellular machinery responsible for
making proteins. There are many ribosomes
in each cell, each made up of two subunits.
These two subunits lock around the
messenger RNA and then travel along the
length of the messenger RNA molecule
reading each three-letter codon.
RIBOSOMES
 NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
Is a double layer that encloses the cell's
nucleus, where the chromosomes reside. The
nuclear membrane serves to separate the
chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm and
other contents.
 NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
Nuclear
Membrane
 CYTOSKELETO
N cells maintain their
Is a structure that helps
shape and internal organization, and it also
provides mechanical support that enables
cells to carry out essential functions like
division and movement.
CYTOSKELETO
N
 MITOCHONDRI
are membrane-bound cell organelles
A
(mitochondrion, singular) that generate most
of the chemical energy needed to power the
cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical
energy produced by the mitochondria is
stored in a small molecule called adenosine
triphosphate.
MITOCHONDRI
A
 ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Is a large, dynamic structure that serves many
roles in the cell including calcium storage,
protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The
diverse functions of the ER are performed by
distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets
and the nuclear envelope.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 NUCLEOLUS
is the largest nuclear organelle and is the
primary site of ribosome subunit biogenesis
in eukaryotic cells. It is assembled around
arrays of ribosomal DNA genes, forming
specific chromosomal features known as
nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) which
are the sites of ribosomal DNA transcription.
NUCLEOLUS
 GOLGI
APPARATUS
Also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell
organelle that helps process and package
proteins and lipid molecules, especially
proteins destined to be exported from the
cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS

Golgi Golgi
Apparatus Apparatus
 NUCLEUS
as related to genomics, is the membrane-
enclosed organelle within a cell that contains
the chromosomes. An array of holes, or
pores, in the nuclear membrane allows for
the selective passage of certain molecules
(such as proteins and nucleic acids) into and
out of the nucleus.
NUCLEUS