CELLULAR & TISSUE PHYSIOLOGY

Cellular physiology is concerned with the mechanism of transport of nutrients, ions, water into and out of the
cell, as well as how cells communicate with each other. In this chapter we will explore how the body is
separated into compartments, between which all transport is regulated. While tissue, in physiology, is a level of
organization in multicellular organisms. It consists of a group of structurally and functionally similar cells and
their intercellular material. Tissue is lacking or poorly differentiated in some unicellular species, such as
sponges.

Cell Organization and Structure

Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes but all share the same characteristic features, such as a cell
membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus and mitochondria. These all have their own jobs to do and make sure the
cell can function smoothly. Plant cells have additional features, including a cell wall, vacuole and
chloroplasts.

*Cell Structure

A cell is an incredibly complex cellular structure, consisting of hundreds or even thousands of tiny but
distinct structures called organelles. Early biologists saw cells as simple membranes containing fluid and a
few floating particles. Today's biologists know that cells are infinitely more complex than this - they are
made up of three parts: the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.

*Cell Organization

The cell organization forms an integral part of every living organism. Every type of cell has similar features,
including RNA, DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. The cell structure of eukaryotic cells
includes a large assortment of organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus. On the contrary, the prokaryotic
cell structure lacks a nucleus and organelles.The components of the cell are called organelles, which are
the parts of a cell that make up its structure. Every living being has different levels of organization. When a
single cell performs all the functions of life, it is termed a unicellular organism or single-celled organism.
The cellular organization example includes bone cells, nerve cells, blood cells, and many more.

Functional System of the Cells

If a cell is to live and grow and reproduce, it must obtain nutrients and other substances from the sur-
rounding fluids. Most substances pass through the cell membrane by diffusion and active
transport.Diffusion involves simple movement through the membrane caused by the random motion of the
mol-ecules of the substance. Active transport involves the actual carrying of a substance through the
membrane by a physical pro-tein structure that penetrates all the way through the membrane.Very large
particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principal
forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis means ingestion of minuteparticles that
form vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents inside the cell cytoplasm. Phagocytosis
means ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions of degenerating tissue.
 Types of Tissues  

There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues).
Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle
tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as
the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to
carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.

Tissue Growth, Development and Repai r

Body tissues grow by increasing the number of cells that make them up. Cells in many tissues in the body
divide and grow very quickly until we become adults.When we are adults many cells mature and become
specialised for their particular job in the body. So they don't make copies of themselves (reproduce) so
often.One of the main actions in the tissue repair script is cell proliferation. In order to heal after injury—
whether by regeneration or scarring—cells must enter and progress through the cell cycle, a tightly-
regulated process that consists of two main activities: DNA replication and mitosis. Repair after injury can
occur by regeneration of cells or tissues that restores normal tissue structure, or by healing, which leads to
the formation of a scar.

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