Anatomy & Physiology

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Anatomy & Physiology
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Anatomy & Physiology

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Which of the following is a deviation
from normal characteristics of a
newborn?
a.Molding
b.Closed posterior fontanel
c.Head circumference greater than
chest
Anatomy & Physiology
 Anatomy & Physiology
Course Code: 3 units lecture & 2 units
laboratory
Course Description:
This course deals with the physiologic
concepts, principles and basic anatomical
structure. Learning first the basic concepts
of anatomy & physiology of human body is
the key to better comprehension to
different disease processe.
 General Objectives:

1. Explain the concepts and principles of anatomy &

physiology.
2. Describe the basic mechanism to maintain
homeostasis.
3. Identify & explain the different body systems
including their structures & essential functions.
4. Discuss the mechanisms of different physiological
processes.
GRADING POLICY:
Departmental Exams 60%
CS 40%
100%

Quizzes 60%
Class participation 20%
Requirements 10%
Attitude 5%
Attendance 5%
TOTAL 100%
Philosophy:
The institution believes that through
education, man’s God-given gifts
are discovered & developed for his
personal fulfillment & community
uplift.
Vision:
It envisions to create a
community responsive to
the challenges of the
changing world.
Mission:
It is tasked to prepare
individuals with the
best that education
can offer in a manner
that is consistent with
the needs of society.
Objectives:
To inculcate critical thinking
To promote discipline, justice
& equality
To provide competent human
resources in various fields
To improve man’s quality of
life through research &
community services
Anatomy & Physiology

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 Anatomy
• Is the science of shape
& structure of the body
& its parts
• Gross Anatomy
- deals with the macroscopic
structures uncovered by
dissection
• Microscopic Anatomy
-aids the use of microscope
 Physiology
• Is the study of
functions of the body
& its parts
• Cellular Physiology- is
the study of the
activities of individual
cells & parts
• Cytology
• Histology
• Pathology
• Embryology
 Structural Units
• Cell- a basic
physiological & structural
unit of a living system
- a ground substance of
life
• Tissues- are composed
of cells
• Organ-is composed of
cells integrated into
tissues serving a
common function
Structural Units
• Organ system- is a
group of organs
that work together
to perform a
function
• Organism-a living
cell or group of
cells differentiated
into functionally
distinct parts
 Structural Units
• 1. 3.

• 2. 4.
 Characteristics of Life
• Organization-the process of providing or
assuming a structure
• Metabolism-the sum total of the chemical
reactions occurring in cells including those
providing energy & those resulting in the
synthesis of structural components of cells
• Responsiveness
• Growth-a progressive development or
normal increase in size of any organism
 Characteristics of Life
• Development- the
gradual growth &
maturation of the
body systems
• Reproduction- the
union of male &
female sex cells.
 Homeostasis
• State of relative stability or equilibrium of
the internal environment of body including
various functions, chemical composition &
reactions of cells & fluids.
• Feedback-an informational signal that tells
the driving mechanism (functional unit)
how well is it doing at establishing or
maintaining some variable at the desired
level
 Homeostasis
• Negative feedback – the change induced
is negative to the initial change &
counterbalances it.
• Positive feedback
 Directional terms:
• Superior- uppermost or above
• Inferior- lowermost or below
• Anterior- toward the front
• Posterior- toward the back
• Medial- nearest the midline
• Lateral- toward the side
• Proximal- nearest the point of
attachment or origin
• Distal- farther from the point of
attachment
• Superficial- toward or at the body
surface
• Deep- away from body surface or
more internal
 Activity:
• 1. The wrist is __________ to the hand.
• 2. The trachea is ________ to the spine.
• 3. The brain is ________ to the spinal cord
• 4. The pancreas is _______ to the
stomach.
• 5. The nose is _______ to the
cheekbones.
• 6. The hand is ________ to the axilla.
 Body Planes & Sections
• Sagittal plane- vertically divides the body
through the midline into left & right halves
• Midsagittal plane
• Frontal/Coronal- a longitudinal plane that
divides the body into anterior & posterior
parts
• Transverse plane- a plane that runs
horizontally, dividing the body into superior
& inferior parts
 Body Cavities
• I. Ventral cavity
A. Thoracic
1. Pericardial cavity
2. Pleural cavity
3. Mediastinum
B. Abdominopelvic
• II. Dorsal cavity
A. Cranial cavity
B. Spinal cavity
 Unit II: Cells, Tissues, Glands and
Membranes
• cell
 Cell
• An organized unit
mass of protoplasm
consisting of
complementary,
mutually dependent
parts
1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
 Parts of Cell
• 1. Cell membrane-
plasma membrane
Plasma membrane-
acts to regulate
interchange
between the cell &
its environment
 Parts of a Cell(cont.)
• 2. Nucleus- contains the
genetic material of the cell
• Chromosome-a
microscopic threadlike
body which develops from
the nuclear material of cell
• Nucleoli-assembly site of
ribosome
• Nuclear membrane- a
double-layered porous
membrane
 Parts of a Cell(cont.)
• 3. Cytoplasm-cell
contents outside
the nucleus
• Cytosol- fluid part
• Organelles- small
structures
-metabolic machinery
of the cell
 Organelles
• Ribosomes- actual site of CHON
synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum-
membranous system of tubules
• Golgi apparatus- stack of flattened
sacs with swollen ends & small
vesicles
-plays a role in packaging CHON for
export
• Lysosomes- act to digest out worn-
out organelles
• Peroxisomes- contains oxidase
enzymes
 Organelles
• Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
• Centrioles-direct the formation of
mitotic spindle
• Cytoskeletal elements-
microtubules,intermediate filaments
& microfilaments
• Microtubules-form the internal
structure of centriole
• IF- stable elements composed of a
variety of CHON
• MF- formed largely of
actin(contractile CHON)
 Movement Across the Cell Membrane
1. DIFFUSION
- Movement of molecules and ions from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
2. OSMOSIS
-Movement of fluid (solvent) from an area of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across
semi permeable membranes until equilibrium is achieved.
 Active Transport
- Physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower
concentration or lower pressure to one of higher concentration
or higher pressure.
- Movement against the concentration gradient
- Requires adenosine (ATP) for energy
 Phagocytosis
- ingestion of large paticulate matter such as
bacteria, coagulated organic matter &
some other cells.
 Tissues
- group of cells that are similar in structure &
function.
- Classifications:
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
 Tissues

.
Tissues
 1. Epithelial tissues
- functions in protection, absorption, secretion &
excretion
Characteristics:
a. cells fit closely together to form membranes
b. the membranes always have 1 exposed
surface
c. they are attached to & supported by basement
membrane
d. have no bld. supply of their own
e. can easily regenerate
 Classifications of Epithelia
A. Arrangement
1. Simple
2. Stratified
B. Cell shape
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
Pseudostratified
epithelium- a simple
columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium- a
peculiar stratified
squamous epithelium
formed of rounded cells
 Epithelium
1. Simple
2. Stratified
 Epithelium
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
 Simple squamous epithelium
- a single layer
of flattened
cells w/ disc-
shaped
central nuclei
& sparse
cytoplasm
 Simple cuboidal
- single
layer of
cuboidal
cells w/
large
central
nuclei
 Simple columnar
- single layer of cells w/ oval nuclei
 2. Connective tissues
- function to protect, support & bind together
other tissues of body
Extracellular matrix- a nonliving material
between the cells
1. Ground substance- is chiefly glycoproteins &
large polysaccharide molecules
2. Fibers- include collagenic (white), elastic
( yellow), & reticular ( fine collagenic)
 Types of Connective tissues
1. loose c.t.- include areolar, adipose & reticular
tissues
E.g. Areolar tissue is the basic supporting substance
around organs, muscles, blood vessels, & nerves.
Adipose- under skin, around kidneys, & eyeballs
& within abdomen, & in breasts
Reticular- lymphoid organs
2. dense c.t.- is composed of closely arranged
tough collagenous & elastic fibers with fewer
cells than loose c.t.
Examples: tendons, ligaments
3. specialized c.t.
 .
.
 Specialized Connective Tissues
a. Cartilage- has a firm matrix
1. Hyaline- is the precursor of much of skeletal system in
utero e.g. costal cartilages of ribs, cartilages of nose,
trachea, larynx
2. Fibrous- contains dense masses e.g. cartilage in
symphysis pubis
3. Elastic- more resilient than hyaline & fibrous cartilage.
e.g. found in the auricle of external ear, auditory tube,
epiglottis.
b. Bone- hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen
fibers
c. Blood- consists of a nonliving fluid matrix(plasma) in w/c
the living cells are suspended
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Dense connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Bones
 3. Muscle Tissue
Types of Muscle Tissue:
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
3. Smooth muscle tissue
 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
-Skeletal muscle tissues are muscles that can be consciously or
voluntarily controlled. These tissues are attached to the
skeleton which is packaged by connective tissue sheets into
the skeletal muscles. When the muscles contract, they pull
the bones or skin resulting to the gross body movements or
changes in the facial expression. Skeletal muscle cells are
elongated.
 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Unlike the skeletal muscle, cardiac cells are short and
unicleated. However, cardiac muscles have striations
also like the skeletal muscles. Presence of cardiac
muscles allows the heart to pump blood through the
vessels and be distributed to the different parts of the
body.
 Smooth muscle tissue
- Another term for smooth muscle tissue is visceral muscle.
As the name implies these muscles are smooth, thus, no
striations are visible. They are spindle-shaped and have
a single nucleus. Compare to the two muscle types,
smooth muscles contract more slowly.
 4. Nervous Tissue
- is the most highly organized tissue in the body, initiating,
controlling, & coordinating the body's ability to adapt to its
environment. . Unlike the other tissues, their cytoplasm is
drawn out into long processes, thus making their structure
unique. The cytoplasm of the neurons can be drawn out as
much as 3 feet long or more.
Chemical Constituents of Living
Matter
Protoplasm- is the name given collectively to
the numerous substances that make up
the living cell
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
5. Water
 Proteins
- most prevalent substance in most cells, next to water, constituting 10-
20% of the cell mass
Functions:
1. GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE
2. CREATION OF COMMUNICATORS AND CATALYSTS
3. IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE
4. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REGULATION
5. ACID – BASE BALANCE
Blood proteins can buffer the effects of fluids to maintain a safe acidic
level in body fluids
Due to its structure, an amino acid can function either as an acid or
base depending on its medium.
6. TRANSPORTATION
Proteins act as pump, assisting the movement of nutrients in and out of
the cell
 Carbohydrates
- Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
- Originally called saccharides, meaning sugars
Functions:
1. Chief source of energy
2. Protein sparer
3. Regulator of fat metabolism
4. Sole energy source for the brain and nerve tissues
5. Regulates intestinal peristalsis and bulk provider
 Lipids
- which are insoluble in water , but soluble in fat solvents
like chloroform, ether and benzene, and are utilized by
living organisms
Functions:
1. CONCENTRATED SOURCE OF ENERGY
2. STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
3. CARRIER OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
4. Other Functions:
a. satiety and satiation
b. precursors of prostaglandin
 Nucleic Acids
- consist of long chains built up from nucleotides(5-
carbon sugar, phosphate group, & one of 4 N-
containing bases)
DNA- contains coded info for the synthesis of CHONs
RNA-ribonucleic acid
3 Types of RNA:
1. Messenger RNA-carries the coded info from DNA to
the site of CHON synthesis
2. transfer RNA- acts as a transporting vehicle for a.a.
3. ribosomal RNA- is complexed w/ CHON in cell
organelles called ribosomes
 Water
- represents about 60-70% of body wieght
Functions:
1. Universal solvent – in the blood, it carries different nutrients
for transport ; it is also used to transport waste products
from the lungs, skin and kidneys.
2. Medium for many biological reactions especially in
digestion , absorption and circulation
3. Vital component of every cell , organ and tissue of the body
Highest concentration in muscles and viscera
Lowest concentration in the calcified tissues
4. Lubricant - joints and the viscera in the abdominal cavity
(protection); moistens eyes, nose, mouth
5. Regulator of body temperature through its ability to conduct
heat
6. Act as a shock absorber - amniotic fluids
Where do you plan to take yourself while
nursing?