RAMON B LIRIO MD

Department of Anatomy
Our Lady of Fatima University
- study of the normal structures of the human body
and their relationships with one another

- study of the different functions of the normal structures

of the human body and the involved processes
of how these body parts work
Anatomy - the study of the normal structure
of the human body and their relationship
w/ one another.

Physiology - the study of the different

functions of the normal structures of the
human body and their relationships.

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1. Surface Anatomy
2. Systemic Anatomy
3. Regional Anatomy

1. Cytology
2. Histology
A.Gross / Macroscopic
Anatomy
– Study of normal structures of
the human body big enough
to be studied by naked eye.
1. Systemic Anatomy:
– Study of structures of
specific body systems
2. Regional Anatomy:
– Study of structures by body
regions
3. Surface Anatomy:
– Study the surface landmarks
of the different visceral
organs
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B.Microscopic Anatomy:
– Study of structures of the
human body with the use
of a microscope.
1. Cytology:
– Chemical & microscopic
study of the structure of
the cells.
2. Histology:
– Study of normal tissue
of the body

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• C.Embryology:
– Study of the development of the human
body from fertilization of the ovum up to the
eight week of intrauterine life.
D.Neuroanatomy:
– Study the normal microscopic, gross
features and development of the nervous
system

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A.Cell Physiology:
– Study the function of living cells
B. Systemic Physiology:
– Study includes all aspect of the functions of
specific organ system
– Cardiovascular physiology, respiratory
physiology, renal physiology, etc.
C. Special Physiology:
– Study the function of a specific organ

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• D. Pathologic Physiology- study of the
mechanism as to how disease developed
or formed.
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease

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• The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systems
Receptor
• Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control center

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Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
Effectors
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
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1. Autoregulation

2. Extrinsic regulation
Negative feedback
– Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
– Shuts off the original stimulus, or
reduces its intensity
– Works like a household thermostat

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Positive feedback
– Increases the original stimulus to push
the variable farther
– In the body this only occurs in blood
clotting and birth of a baby

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.
YARI KA!!
1.Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
2.Responsiveness
• Ability to sense and react to changes in
environment both internal or externally.

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Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
3 Movement
– Locomotion
– Movement of substances
4 Growth
– An increase in body size results from an
increasing of cell size or number of cells
5 Differentiation
– Development of cells from an unspecialized
to a specialized state.

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6 Reproduction
– Production of future generation
7 Digestion
– Break-down and delivery of nutrients
8 Excretion
– Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions

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1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
CHEMICAL
LEVEL
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1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Articular System
4. Muscular System
5. Nervous System
6. Circulatory / Vascular System
7. Digestive / Alimentary System
8. Respiratory System
9. Urinary System
10.Reproductive / Genital System
11.Endocrine System
Integumentary
– Organs
• skin, hair, nails, sweat,
sebaceous glands
– Forms the external
body covering
– Protects deeper tissue
from injury
– Synthesizes vitamin D
– Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
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Skeletal
– Organs
• Bones, cartilage
– Protects and supports
body organs
– Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
– Site of blood cell
formation
– Stores minerals

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Muscular
– Organs
1. skeletal muscle
2. smooth muscle
3. cardiac muscle
– Allows locomotion
– Maintains posture
– Produces heat

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Nervous
– Organs
• brain, spinal cord,
cranial and spinal
nerves
– Fast-acting control
system
– Responds to
internal and
external change
– Activates muscles
and glands
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Endocrine
– Secretes regulatory
hormones
1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Metabolism

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Cardiovascular
– Organs
• heart, arteries, veins,
capillaries
– Transports materials in
body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes

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.
Lymphatic
– Organs
• lymph nodes, lymphatic
vessels, thymus gland,
spleen
– Returns fluids to
blood vessels
– Disposes of debris
– Involved in
immunity

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Respiratory
– Organs
• nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
– Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
– Removes carbon
dioxide

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Digestive
– Organs
1. alimentary canal - mouth,
esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines,
rectum and anus
2. associated glands -
salivary, liver, pancreas
– Breaks down food
– Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
– Eliminates indigestible
material

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Urinary
– Organs
• kidneys, ureters,
bladder, urethra
– Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
– Maintains acid – base
balance
– Regulation of
materials
• Water
• Electrolytes

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Reproductive
– Organs
1. women - ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina
2. men - testes, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
penis, urethra
– Production
of offspring

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1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
a. Thorax
b. Abdomen
c. Pelvic cavity & perineum
4. Upper extremities
5. Lower extremities
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Anterior

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Posterior

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 51
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- Standing erect or lying supine
- head and eyes directed forward
- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing
forward and fingers pointing downward.
- Lower limbs are parallel with toes facing
forward
1. Median Plane
2. Sagittal Plane
3. Coronal / Frontal Plane
4. Horizontal / Transverse Plane
1. Longitudinal / Vertical Section
2. Transverse / Cross Section
3. Oblique Section
1. Longitudinal section (vertical section):
• Body part is cut through the direction of the long
axis of the body.
• May be cut in median, sagittal, coronal planes
2. Transverse sections (cross section):
• Parts of the body w/c are cut at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the body or its parts.
3. Oblique sections:
• Cut the body not along any body planes (slant)

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Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
§ Superior / Cranial
§ Inferior / Caudal
§ Anterior / Ventral
§ Posterior / Dorsal
§ Medial
§ Lateral
§ Proximal
§ Distal
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• Superficial / External
• Deep / Internal
• Central
• Peripheral
• Parietal
• Visceral
1 Flexion • 7 Elevation
2 Extension • 8 Depression
3 Pronation • 9 Protraction
4 Supination • 10 Retraction
5 Abduction • 11 Rotation
6 Adduction • 12 Circumduction