PHYSIOLOGY & ANATOMY

INTRODUCTION
2ND YEAR
MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION TECHNIQUES ENGINEERING

DR. ZAID ADNAN HUSSEIN

 Definitions

• Anatomy: - Is the study of human body structure and the physical

relationship between body parts.

• Physiology: - Is the study of the human body functioning and how

different organs and cells perform their vital functions.

-What are the types of anatomy?

1. Gross(macroscopic) anatomy is subdivided into surface anatomy (the
external body), regional anatomy (specific regions of the body), and
systemic anatomy (specific organ systems).
2. Microscopic anatomy is subdivided into cytology (the study of cells)
and histology (the study of tissues).
Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body
 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body

• Chemical level :-subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. subatomic particles such as
the PROTON, ELECTRON and NEUTRON made up the atom.ATOM is the smallest stable
units of matter, combine to form MOLECULE with complex shape.
• Cellular level: - Different molecules can interact to form larger structures to form cells.
• Tissue level: - Similar cells working together to perform a specific function of specific
tissue. (Heart muscle tissue).
• Organ level: - Two or more different tissues working together to perform specific
function of specific organ (heart).
• Organ system level: - Many organs interact together to produce function of specific
system as cardiovascular system consist of heart, blood, blood vessels.
• Organism level: - All of the organ systems of the body work together to maintain life
and health.
 Organ Systems of the Human Body
There are 11 major organ systems in the human body:

The cardiovascular(circulatory) system

The lymphatic & immune system
The respiratory system
The integumentary system
The endocrine system
The gastrointestinal (digestive) system
The urinary (excretory) system
The muscular system
The nervous system
The reproductive system
The skeletal system
Homeostasis: -is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to
the environmental changes. .

• Homeostatic regulation: - Is the adjustment in physiological systems that preserve

homeostasis. Homeostatic regulation involves:-
1- Receptor: - That is sensitive to a particular environment change or stimulus.
2- Control center: - (or integration center), which receives and processes information
from receptor.
3- Effector: - which responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity
 Two methods of homeostatic regulation are present in the human body:-

• 1- Negative feedback: - Variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response

that corrects the situation.
• 2- Positive feedback: - The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that
stimulus.

• Negative feedback:- Variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that
corrects the situation. Regardless of whether the stimulus (such as temperature) rises or
falls at the receptor.
• Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve negative feedback. For example,
consider the control of body temperature, a process called thermoregulation.
 Positive feedback:- The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces
that stimulus.

In the body, positive feedback loops are involved in the regulation of a

potentially dangerous or stressful process that must be completed quickly.
For the example, the immediate danger from a severe cut is blood loss, which
can lower blood pressure and reduce the pumping efficiency of the heart.
Damage to the cells in the cut blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin
the multistep process of blood clotting. As clotting gets under way, each step
releases chemicals that accelerate the process until formation of the blood
clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Labor and
delivery, another example of positive feedback in action.
 • 1- Surface anatomy:

a- Anatomical land marks;

- Anatomical position supine (face up)
Prone (face down)
b- Anatomical region;
- Abdominopelvic quadrants (4)
- Abdominopelvic regions (9)
 C- Anatomical direction

- Anterior=Frontal=Ventral
- Posterior=Back=Dorsal
- Lateral=External
- Medial=Internal
- Proximal=Toward an attached base
- Distal=Away from an attached base
- Superior=Above
- Inferior=Below
 • 2- Sectional Anatomy:-
a- Planes and sections
1- Transverse(horizontal) plane: divided the body to
superior (up) and inferior (down) parts.
2- Frontal(coronal) plane: divided the body to
anterior and posterior parts.
3- Sagittal plane: divided the body to right and left
parts.

b- Body cavities
are specific spaces in the body contain specific
 Function of body cavities:-

1- They protect delicate organ "brain, heart, lung”.

2- They permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organ.

The major body cavity in the body is a ventral body cavity, which is divided by diaphragm to:-

1- Thoracic cavity: -

a- Pleural cavity (lung)

b- Pericardial cavity (heart)
c- Mediastinum cavity (aorta)

2- Abdominopelvic cavity:-

a- Peritoneal (abdominal) cavity (gastrointestinal tract (GIT), liver, kidney)

b- Pelvic cavity (Genital organ)
The body cavities are lined with thin sheets of tissue called membranes, which cover and protect the
various organs. those which lines organs “viscera”
called the visceral layer, and the opposing layer that lines the inner surface or the body wall or chamber is
called the parietal layer

The dorsal body cavity is lined with three layers of protective membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid,
and pia mater), which are called the “meninges.”

The ventral body cavity contains various serous membranes, which are filled with a watery
substance that allows for lubrication and movement of organs:

Pleura: the membrane that lines the pleural cavity, which covers the lungs in the thoracic cavity
Pericardium: the membrane that lines the pericardial cavity, which covers the heart in the mediastinum
(middle part of the thoracic cavity)
Peritoneum: the membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity abdominopelvic cavity and many of the
organs found within it.

function of these layers:-

1- They permit expansion and limited movement.
Thanks A Lot