Anatomy & Physiology (BSci 22) Homework

(2) Define the following terms: Anatomy

Physiology

Anatomy
1. Is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body, for example, the
parts and chambers of the heart.
2. The word anatomy means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for
study.
Physiology
1. Is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
2. Physiology recognizes structures as dynamic.
Homeostasis
1. Is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
2. To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate body conditions that are
constantly changing.

(2) What are the 2 studies about Physiology and their meaning.
1. Cellular Physiology- focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of
substances.
2. Systemic Physiology- focuses on the functions of organ systems.
(5) What is the importance of Anatomy and Physiology?
1. In order to understand more about a specific disease.
2. It is relevant to students who plan a career in the health sciences because health
professionals need a sound knowledge of structure and function in order to perform their
duties.
3. In order to prepares all of us to evaluate recommended treatments, critically review
advertisements and reports in the popular literature, and rationally discuss the human
body with health professionals and non professionals
4. It helps in understanding the health status of the patients.
5. It helps you understand how the body develops and evolves throughout every phase of
an individual’s existence.
(3) What are the two types of Anatomy and their meaning?
1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of visible to the human eye anatomical
structures, such as the external and interior body organs.
2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of small, anatomical structures like cells and tissues

(6) What are the Structural & Functional Organization of Human Body
• Give the meaning
• Give some example/s
The human body's biological functions are preserved at several levels of structural
organization. The following levels are included: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ
system, and organismal.
 a. Chemical- A level Atoms bond to form molecules with three- dimensional structures. Ex.
AGING, the structure of collagen changes and skin becomes fragile.
b. Cellular- A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell.
Ex. The nucleus contains the cells hereditary information.
c. Tissue- It is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related
types) that work together to perform a specific function. Ex. The stomach
d. Organ Level- is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more
tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. Ex.
Heart, liver, intestines and Etc.
e. Organ System- is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or
meet physiological needs of the body. Ex. The production of urine in the kidney.
f. Organismal Level- many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the
functions of an independent organism. Ex. Human

(6) What are the Characteristics of Life?

1. Organizations
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Growth
5. Development
6. Reproduction

(2) Differentiate Negative Feedback & Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is
resisted. while Positive Feedback occurs when a response to the original stimulus
results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

Components of Negative Feedback- The components of Negative Feedback are Receptor,

Center, Effector.
Components of Positive Feedback- The components of Positive Feedback are Stimulus,
Control Center and Blood Clotting.

What are the different Anatomical positions according to:

• (10) Directional terms
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior
4. Posterior
5. Anterior
6. Ventral
7. Posterior
8. Dorsal
 9. Proximal
10. Distal
• (3) Body Regions
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
• (4) Quadrants
1. Right Upper Quadrant
2. Left Upper Quadrant
3. Right Lower Quadrant
4. Left Lower Quadrant
• (6) Regions
1. Right hypochondriac Region
2. Epigastric Region
3. Left hypochondriac Region
4. Right lumbar Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Left lumbar Region
7. Right Iliac Region
8. Hypogastric Region
9. Left Iliac Region
(4) What are the different Body Planes?
1. Sagittal Plane
2. Median Plane
3. Transverse (horizontal) Plane
4. Frontal (coronal) Plane
(5) What are the different Body Cavities?
● Give the meaning
● Give some example/s each (if there is) Give the function of the following:

1. Cranial Cavity- It houses the brain. Example: Brain

2. Mediastinum- which houses the heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the
thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus. Example: Heart
3. Thoracic Cavity- It is more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily
the heart and lungs, among other organs. Example: Lungs
4. Abdominopelvic- Is enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of 1 the more
superior abdominal activity 2 the more inferior pelvic cavity. Example: Stomach
5. Pleural Cavity- Each of which encloses a lung, and is surrounded by the ribs. Example:
Esophagus
Give the function of the following:
•visceral serous membrane- The layer covering the internal organs.
•parietal serous membrane- The layer that lines the walls of the cavities.
•Cavity- a bodily cavity filled with fluid that houses and preserves internal organs.
Complete the table:

Cavity Name Location Membrane Name

Cranial Cavity Upper part of the skull Three meninges

Thoracic Cavity Enclosed by the ribs Serous Membrane

Pleural Cavity Surrounds the lungs Serous Membrane