ACTIVITY 1

Review of Microscopy and Intro to General Physiology

Group No. : #1 SECTION: BS BIO 3C

Name of members: Kicelle T. Abragan, Florence Gale T. Alburo, Mica D. Archival,

Adznalyn S. Amilussin and Ellen Mae A. Antoque

A. Introduction: Provide your own descriptions and statements for the introduction
Cells are the basic units of all living things. There are very small that cannot be visible to
the naked eye. So scientists, biologists and some other people who were in the field of science
must used a microscope (micro = ‘small’; -scope- = ‘to look at’) to study them. Microscope is an
instrument that can magnifies sample or object that are too small to be seen in the naked eye,
producing an image in which the sample appears to be detail and clear.
The occurrence of the cells marked the origin of life here on earth. Cells make up
tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems. A systems of organs that work
together and carrying out processes and functions that keep living things alive, mainly-human.
By studying the normal function within the living things that is what we called physiology. It
discuss about organs, anatomy, cells, biological compounds, and how they all interact to make
life possible. In simple, physiology is a study of the functions and processes that create life.

B. Review of Microscopy.
a. Provide the structure and description of the parts of the microscope. Label the parts.

1. Eyepiece -this part allows you to view the image on the stage and contains the ocular lens.
 2. Arm - This part supports the entire upper portion of the microscope.
3. Rack Stop - An adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide.
4. Stage - The flat place under the objective lenses where you place the slide for viewing.
5. Stage Clips - These two things keep the slide from moving.
6. Coarse Focus - this part moves the stage up and down to help you get the specimen into view.
7. Fine Focus - this part moves the stage slightly to help you sharpen or "fine" tune your view of
the specimen.
8. Revolving nosepiece - this part holds the objective lenses and is able to rotate to change
magnification.
9. Objective lenses - these are found on the nosepiece and range from low to high power.
10. Condenser - The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen.
11. Illuminator - A steady light source used in place of a mirror.
12. Base - The bottom of the microscope, used for support

C. Definition:
1. Physiology - It is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. Where in
the study of animals including human function and can be investigated at the level of cells,
tissues, organ systems and the whole body. The underlying goal is to explain the fundamental
mechanisms that operate in a living organism and how they interact.
2. Human Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the
body and their physical relationships, on the other hand physiology refers to the study of the
functions of those structures.
3. Animal Physiology - is the scientific study of the life-supporting properties, functions and
processes of animals or their parts. It show of how animals work, and investigates the biological
processes that occur for animal life to exist.
4. Plant Physiology - It is a sub-discipline of botany concerned with the physical, chemical and
biological functioning of plants. Its about the internal processes and their functional aspects, the
study of Vital phenomena in plant, the responses of plants to environment and the growth and
development that results from the responses.
5. Homeostasis - It refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable
conditions necessary for survival. Where the property of cells, tissues, and organisms allows the
maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to function properly.

D. Level of structural organization of the body - The structural organization of the human body are
maintained at several levels of structural organization. And it includes the chemical, cellular,
tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level. Higher levels of organization are built from
lower levels.

Atoms to Organismal. Provide descriptions and examples

1. Atoms- are the smallest units of elements, such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
2. Molecules- are formed when atoms combine through chemical bonds to form units such as
water, sugars and amino acids.
3. Cells- are the smallest living units of biologic organization made of structures that perform
the activities of life, such as nucleus that controls all the activities of the.
 4. Tissues- are made up of similar cells that performs similar functions, such as muscle tissues
that cause contraction and movement.
5. Organs- there are 4 different kinds of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous)
that group together in different proportions to make an organ like the stomach, which mixes
our food with digestive enzymes.
6. Systems- a group of organs makes up a body system like the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs that makes up the respiratory system whose function is to bring in oxygen
to the body’s cell and take away carbon dioxide gas.
7. Human organism- all of the organ’s systems together constitute a functioning human being.

E. Anatomical Position. Anatomical positions of both humans and animals (provide examples)

ANATOMICAL POSITION OF ANIMAL (DOG)

ANATOMICAL POSITION OF BOTH HUMANS

(Male)
 ( Female )

F. Directional terms

1. Superior – means uppermost or above. Example: the head is superior to the neck; the thoracic
cavity is superior to the abdominal cavity.

2. Inferior – means lowermost or below. Example: the foot is inferior to the knee.

3. Anterior – means toward the front. Example: the mammary glands are on the anterior chest
wall. The term ventral can also be used for anterior.

4. Posterior – means toward the back. Example: the vertebral column is posterior to the digestive
tract; the esophagus is posterior to the trachea. The term Dorsal can also be used for posterior.

5. Medial- means nearest the midline of the body. Example: the nose is in a medial position on the
face; the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm.

6. Lateral – means toward the side or away from the midline of the body. Example: the ears are in
a lateral position of the face; the radius is lateral to the ulna.

7. Proximal – means near the point of attachment or origin. Example: the elbow is proximal to the
wrist; the knee is proximal to the ankle.

8. Distal Away – means away from the point of attachment or origin. Example: the wrist is distal to
the elbow; the ankle is distal to the knee.

9. Superficial – means structures that are closer to the exterior surface of the body. Example:
the outer layers of skin are superficial to deeper layers of skin. 
10. Deep - means structures closer to the interior center of the body. Example, bones in an
appendage are located deeper than the muscles. 
11. Peripheral - refers to anything away from the center and perceiving the outer edges of things.
Example: the arm is peripheral to the body.

G. Body parts Regions - The axial body runs right down the center (axis) and consists of everything
except the limbs, meaning the head, neck, thorax (chest and back), abdomen, and pelvis. The
appendicular body consists of appendages, otherwise known as upper and lower extremities
(which you call arms and legs).

Axial body’s main regions:

• Head and neck
o Cephalic (head)
o Cervical (neck)
o Cranial (skull)
o Frontal (forehead)
o Nasal (nose)
o Occipital (base of skull)
o Oral (mouth)
o Orbital/ocular (eyes)
• Thorax
o Axillary (armpit)
o Costal (ribs)
o Deltoid (shoulder)
o Mammary (breast)
o Pectoral (chest)
o Scapular (shoulder blade)
o Sternal (breastbone)
o Vertebral (backbone)
• Abdomen
o Abdominal (abdomen)
o Gluteal (buttocks)
o Inguinal (bend of hip)
o Lumbar (lower back)
o Pelvic (area between hipbones)
o Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia)
o Pubic (genitals)
o Sacral (end of vertebral column)

Appendicular body’s main regions:

• Upper extremity
o Antebrachial (forearm)
 o Antecubital (inner elbow)
o Brachial (upper arm)
o Carpal (wrist)
o Cubital (elbow)
o Digital (fingers/toes)
o Manual (hand)
o Palmar (palm)
• Lower extremity
o Crural (shin, front of lower leg)
o Femoral (thigh)
o Patellar (front of knee)
o Pedal (foot)
o Plantar (arch of foot)
o Popliteal (back of knee)
o Sural (calf, back of lower leg)
o Tarsal (ankle)

H. Body parts
I. Body planes and sections - Body planes are hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the
body into sections. They are commonly used in both human and zoological anatomy to describe
the location or direction of bodily structures.
o A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or
posterior and anterior) portions.
o A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into
cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.
o A sagittal plane divides the body into sinister and dexter (left and right) portions.

J. Body Cavities The pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, rectum, and portions of the
reproductive organs.

o The pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder,

rectum, and portions of the reproductive
organs.,
o dorsal cavity- body cavity that houses the
skull, brain, and spinal cavity
o ventral cavity- this body cavity is divided into
three parts; the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis,
o thoracic cavity- body cavity that contains the
heart and lungs
o abdominal cavity- body cavity that contains
the gallbladder, liver, pancreas, and stomach
o Abdomino pelvic cavity- body cavity that
contains both the abdomen and pelvis
References: (As many as you can include in your research)

https://www.microscopeworld.com/t-labeling_microscope_parts.aspx

https://quizlet.com/49606456/microscope-parts-functions-flash-cards/

https://arnoldzwicky.org/2011/11/30/the-body-and-its-parts/

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-physiology#:~:text=Physiology%20is%20the%20study
%20of,wrong%20when%20someone%20gets%20sick.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780122386626500057#:~:text=Anatomy%20refers
%20to%20the%20internal,the%20functions%20of%20those%20structures.

https://www.nature.com/subjects/animal-physiology#:~:text=Animal%20physiology%20is%20the
%20scientific,temperature%2C%20blood%20flow%20and%20hormones.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/plant-physiology

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-homeostasis/#:~:text=Homeostasis%2C%20from
%20the%20Greek%20words,by%20the%20physician%20Walter%20Cannon.

https://open.lib.umn.edu/humanbiology/chapter/1-1-structural-organization-of-the-human-
body/#:~:text=These%20include%20the%20chemical%2C%20cellular,system%2C%20and%20the
%20organism%20level.&text=Therefore%2C%20molecules%20combine%20to%20form,systems
%20combine%20to%20form%20organisms.

https://elearning.unite.it/mod/resource/view.php?id=33958

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anatomical+position

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/458593174540663770/

https://www.dummies.com/education/science/anatomy/anatomical-regions-body/?
fbclid=IwAR1mo_61RSKXbIrW3dg2zmOGc6VZBAHZEs7XX7_DMzYlOV_B64yr_skqcLE#:~:text=Just%20like
%20on%20a%20map

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Anatomical-planes-and-position-definition-The-axial-plane-also-
called-transverse-plane_fig1_303653621/amp?fbclid=IwAR1RMt40H6DmA-Op2oiOKsD-
Mg2dal0iVTgbcp93vqO98Sh9FSvj0kANW8M

https://www.cram.com/flashcards/pelvis-and-perineum-2607644