HUMAN ANATOMY

Chapter 1
The Human Body and Physiology
Orientation

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP 1
LEOLISA F. GURREA
NANELITA UY

I. DEFINITIONS

Anatomy is the study of the structure and

shape of the body and body parts and their
relationships to one another.
Gross anatomy examining large easily
observable body structures.
Microscope anatomy examining cells and
tissues using a microscope.

I. DEFINITIONS (CONT)

Physiology is the study of how the body and

its parts work or function.
Neurophysiology explains how the nervous
system works.
Cardiac physiology studies the functions of
the heart.
Anatomy and physiology are always related.
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION.

II. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Atoms building blocks of matter. They

combine to form:
Molecules water, sugars, and proteins.
Molecules associate in specific ways to form
cells.

II. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

(CONT)

Cells are the smallest units of all living

things.
Cells that are similar and have a common
function are called tissues.
An organ is a structure, composed of two or
more tissue types, that performs a specific
function for the body.
A group of organs that cooperate to
accomplish a common purpose is called an
organ system.
All 11 organ systems make up an organism.

II. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

External covering of the body

Waterproofs, cushions and protects
Excretes salts and urea in sweat and helps
regulate body temperature
Sense organ pain and pressure

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

Support and protection
Attachment of the skeletal muscles
Hematopoiesis the formation of blood cells
Store house of minerals

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Only one function contract

Movement occurs when muscles contract
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal

muscles - movement
Cardial muscles - heart contraction
Smooth muscles intestines, internal organs

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Fast-acting control system

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves,
and sensory receptors.
The body must be able to respond to stimuli.
The Central Nervous system assesses the
information received and responds.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Slow acting control system of the body.

Produces and releases hormones into the
blood.
Includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, thymus,
pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes, and
parathyroid glands.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Made up of the heart and blood vessels.

Blood is the transporting fluid
Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
other substances to and from the cells where
waste is exchanged and removed.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Closely related to the cardiovascular system.

Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and
other organs like the spleen and tonsils.
Fluid leaks from the blood vessels and this
system returns the fluid back to the
circulatory system.
Lymph nodes help cleanse the blood and
house the cells involved in immunity.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Keep the body constantly supplied with

oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Lungs have tiny air sacs in which gas
exchange occurs

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Tube within a tube system running from the

mouth to the anus.
Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, and the
rectum.
Break down food into usable
macromolecules.
Large intestines job is to reclaim water.

URINARY SYSTEM

The body produces waste which must be

removed.
Nitrogenous wastes (urea and uric acid) must
be removed.
Sometimes called the excretory system
Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra.
Maintains bodys water and salt balance

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Produce offspring
Sperm produced by testes
Eggs produced by ovaries
Fertilization occurs when sperm is deposited
into the female by the penis.

HOMEOSTASIS

The key to understanding the interactions of

the body systems as well as disease and
wellness is understanding homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the bodys ability to maintain
relatively stable internal conditions even
though the outside world is continuously
changing.

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

To accurately describe body parts and

position we have to have a reference point
that is accepted universally. This is helpful
when the coroner finds a body and must
describe the body.
Anatomical position The assumption that
the body is erect with the feet parallel and
the arms hanging at the sides with the palms
facing forward.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superior/cranial/cephalad

Toward the head or upper part

of the body or structure; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward

the lower part of a body or
structure; below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front of the body

(belly)

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body;

behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the

body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body;

on the outer side of

Intermediate

Between a medial and lateral

structure

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part

or the point of attachment of a limb
to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body

part or the point of attachment of a
lumb to the body truck

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more

internal

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

Abdominal

Anterior body trunk inferior to the

ribs

Antecubital

Anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Buccal

Cheek area

Carpal

Wrist

Cervical

Neck region

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

(PG 13)
Digital

Fingers and toes

Femoral

Thigh

Inguinal

Area where thigh meets the trunk

Nasal

Nose area

Oral

Mouth

Orbital

Eye area

Patellar

Anterior knee

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

Peroneal

Lateral part of the leg

Pubic

Genital region

Sternal

Breasbone area

Tarsal

Ankle region

Thoracic

Chest

Umbilical

Navel

POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

Cephalic

Head

Deltoid

Curve of the shoulder

Gluteal

Butt

Lumbar

Lower back

Occipital

Posterior surface of the head

Popliteal

Posterior knee area

Scapular

Shoulder blade region

Sural

The area of the calf muscle

Vertebral

Area of the spine

BODY PLANES

Body planes and sections can be used to

describe either the entire body or any
part of the body such as an organ.
There are several ways to cut body.
Sagittal section cut down the middle to create
left and right sides. (aka midsagittal or median
section if the cut makes equal sides)
Frontal or coronal section a cut that divides the
body into anterior and posterior sides.
Transverse or cross sections A cut is made along
the horizontal plane dividing the body into
superior and inferior parts.

REGIONS

A body that is lying down is described as

either prone or supine. Prone describes a
face-down orientation, and supine describes
a face up orientation. These terms are
sometimes used in describing the position of
the body during specific physical
examinations or surgical procedures.

REGIONS

The human bodys numerous regions have

specific terms to help increase precision.
Notice that the term brachium or arm is
reserved for the upper arm and
antebrachium or forearm is used rather
than lower arm. Similarly, femur or
thigh is correct, and leg or crus is
reserved for the portion of the lower limb
between the knee and the ankle.

REGIONS

LANDMARKS

When describing the position of anatomical

structures, landmarks may be used to
describe location. These landmarks may
include structures, such as the umbilicus or
sternum, or anatomical lines, such as the
midclavicular line from the centre of the
clavicle.

LANDMARKS

The cephalon or cephalic region refers to the

head. This area is further differentiated into
the cranium (skull), facies (face), frons
(forehead), oculus (eye area), auris (ear),
bucca (cheek), nausus (nose), oris (mouth),
and mentis (chin). The neck area is called
the cervicis or cervical region.

BODY CAVITIES

Anatomical structures are often described in

terms of the cavity in which they reside. The
body maintains its internal organization by
means of membranes, sheaths, and other
structures that separate compartments.
The dorsal (posterior) cavity and the ventral
(anterior) cavity are the largest body
compartments.

BODY CAVITIES

These cavities contain and protect delicate

internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows
for significant changes in the size and shape
of the organs as they perform their
functions. The lungs, heart, stomach, and
intestines, for example, can expand and
contract without distorting other tissues or
disrupting the activity of nearby organs.

BODY CAVITIES

The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and

abdominopelvic cavities and their
subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the
cranial and spinal cavities. This illustration
shows a lateral and anterior view of the body
and highlights the body cavities with
different colors.

BODY CAVITIES

The cranial cavity is a large, bean-shaped

cavity filling most of the upper skull where
the brain is located.
The vertebral cavity is a very narrow, threadlike cavity running from the cranial cavity
down the entire length of the spinal cord.

BODY CAVITIES

Together the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

can be referred to as the dorsal body cavity. In
the posterior (dorsal) cavity, the cranial cavity
houses the brain, and the spinal cavity (or
vertebral cavity) encloses the spinal cord. Just as
the brain and spinal cord make up a continuous,
uninterrupted structure, the cranial and spinal
cavities that house them are also continuous. The
brain and spinal cord are protected by the bones
of the skull and vertebral column and by
cerebrospinal fluid, a colorless fluid produced by
the brain, which cushions the brain and spinal
cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity.

BODY CAVITIES

The thoracic cavity consists of three cavities

that fill the interior area of the chest.
The two pleural cavities are situated on both
sides of the body, anterior to the spine and
lateral to the breastbone.
The superior mediastinum is a wedge-shaped
cavity located between the superior regions of
the two thoracic cavities.
The pericardial cavity within the mediastinum is
located at the center of the chest below the
superior mediastinum. The pericardial cavity
roughly outlines the shape of the heart.

BODY CAVITIES

ABDOMEN

To promote clear communication, for

instance about the location of a patients
abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, health
care providers typically divide up the cavity
into either nine regions or four quadrants.

ABDOMEN

QUADRANTS

The abdomen may be divided into four

quadrants, more commonly used in
medicine, subdivides the cavity with one
horizontal and one vertical line that
intersect at the patients umbilicus (navel)..
The right upper quadrant (RUQ) includes the
lower right ribs, right side of the liver, and
right side of the transverse colon.

QUADRANTS

The left upper quadrant (LUQ) includes the

lower left ribs, stomach, spleen, and upper
left area of the transverse colon. The right
lower quadrant (RLQ) includes the right half
of the small intestines, ascending colon,
right pelvic bone and upper right area of the
bladder. The left lower quadrant (LLQ)
contains the left half of the small intestine
and left pelvic bone

REGIONS

The more detailed regional approach

subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line
immediately inferior to the ribs and one
immediately superior to the pelvis, and two
vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the
midpoint of each clavicle, resulting in nine
regions. The upper right square is the right
hypochondriac region and contains the base
of the right ribs. The upper left square is the
left hypochondriac region and contains the
base of the left ribs.

REGIONS

The epigastric region is the upper central

square and contains the bottom edge of the
liver as well as the upper areas of the
stomach. The diaphragm curves like an
upside down U over these three regions. The
central right region is called the right lumbar
region and contains the ascending colon and
the right edge of the small intestines.

REGIONS

The central square contains the transverse

colon and the upper regions of the small
intestines. The left lumbar region contains
the left edge of the transverse colon and the
left edge of the small intestine. The lower
right square is the right iliac region and
contains the right pelvic bones and the
ascending colon.

REGIONS

The lower left square is the left iliac region

and contains the left pelvic bone and the
lower left regions of the small intestine. The
lower central square contains the bottom of
the pubic bones, upper regions of the
bladder and the lower region of the small
intestine.

MEMBRANES

A serous membrane (also referred to as a

serosa) is a thin membrane that covers the
walls of organs in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities. The serous membranes
have two layers; parietal and visceral,
surrounding a fluid filled space.
The visceral layer of the membrane covers
the organ (the viscera), and the parietal
layer lines the walls of the body cavity
(pariet- refers to a cavity wall).

MEMBRANES

Between the parietal and visceral layers is a

very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity.[
An example of a serous cavities include the
pericardium, which surrounds the heart.

REFERENCES

http://www.slideshare.net/coachhuey/basic
-intro-8907237
http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminolo
gy