BS Psychology A9 | PROF.

RONNEL FELONIA | 1ST SEM | 2022

▪ Study of normal body structures.

▪ Derived from the root word “tome”
meaning cut into.
▪ the study of body structure and
relationships among structures.
▪ the study of body function.

The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity:

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organismal level

Skeletal system Respiratory system

Muscular system Urinary system
Nervous system Reproductive system
Circulatory system Endocrine system
Digestive system Integumentary system

1. Take in food (ingestion)

2. Digest food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients
3. Remove indigestible food from body (feces)
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus salivary glands, Pancreas, Livers,
Gall bladder.

1. With circulatory – absorb & deliver the digested nutrients to the cell.
2. With muscular – control the contractions of many of the digestive organs to pass food along.
3. With nervous – hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by triggering appetite (stomach growling), digest.

1. Transport material to and from cells.

Heart, Veins, Arteries, Capillaries, Red blood cells.

1. With Respiratory – deliver O2 from lungs to cells

and drop off CO2 from cells to lungs.
2. With Digestive – absorb and deliver digested
nutrients to cells.
3. With Excretory – kidneys filter cellular waste out
of blood for removal.
4. With Lymphatic – both transport things to
and from cells.
5. With Immune – transport WBCs throughout
body to fight disease.
6. With Nervous – brain controls heartbeat.
7. With Endocrine – transfer hormones.

1. Gather and interprets information.

2. Responds to information.
3. Helps maintain homeostasis.

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Neurons, Hypothalamus.

Controls all other systems

Hypothalamus – maintains homeostasis by
working with all systems.
 1. Removes waste products from cellular
metabolism (urea, water, CO2)
2. Filters blood.

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra.

1. With Circulatory – filters waste out of blood.

2. With Lungs – removes excretory waste.
3. With Integumentary – removes excretory waste.

Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water.

Nose trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli lungs.

1. With Circulatory – takes in O2 for delivery to cells

and removes CO2 brought from cells.
2. With Excretory – removes excretory waste.
3. With Nervous – controls breathing
4. With Muscular – diaphragm controls breathing.

1. Protects organs
2. Provides shape, support
3. Stores materials (fats, minerals)
4. Allows movement

Bones, cartilage, ligaments.

1. With Muscular – allow movement

2. With Circulatory – produce blood cells
3. With Immune – produce white blood cells.
4. With Circulatory and Respiratory – protects its organs.
Allows for movement by contracting

Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle, Skeletal muscle, Tendons.

1. With Skeletal – allows movement

2. With Digestive – allows organs to contact to push food through
3. With Respiratory – diaphragm controls breathing
4. With Circulatory – controls pumping of blood (heart)
5. With Nervous – controls all muscle contractions

Regulates body activities using hormones. Slow response,

long lasting.

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas,

Ovaries, Teste, Hormones.

1. With Circulatory – transports hormones to target organs.

2. With Nervous – maintain homeostasis, hormone release
3. With Reproductive – controlled by hormones
4. With Skeletal – controls growth of bones.

Fights off foreign invaders in the body.

White blood cells (T cells, B cells, Macrophages): skin.

1. With Circulatory – transport WBCs to fight invaders.

2. With Lymphatic – has lots of WBCs to fight invaders,
spleen filters bacteria/viruses out of blood.
3. With Skeletal – WBCs made in bone marrow
4. With Integumentary – prevents invaders from getting in
 1. Barrier against infection (1st line of defense)
2. Helps regulate body temp
3. Removes excretory waste (urea, water)
4. Protects against sun’s UV rays
5. Produces vitamin D

Skin

1. With Excretory – removes cellular waste.

2. With Nervous – controls body temperature (sweating, goose bumps)
3. With Immune – prevents pathogens from entering.

1. Stores and carries WBCs that fight disease

2. Collects excess fluid and returns it to blood
(2nd circulatory system – reaches places other
can’t move between cells)

Lymph, Lymph Vessels, Lymph nodes.

1. With Immune – holds lots of WBCs to fight pathogens

2. With Circulatory – transport materials to and from cells.

Allows organism to reproduce which prevents their

species from becoming extinct.

Teste, Ovaries

1. With Endocrine – controls production of sex cells

2. With Muscular – uterus contracts to give birth – controlled by hormones
 A person upright with face and eyes front, arms at the sides with palms forward, feet parallel and toes
pointing forward.
Standard anatomical position provides a clear and consistent way of describing human anatomy and physiology.
When assessing an individual’s anatomy, may anatomical terms be used to describe the relative positioning of
various appendages in relation to the standardized position.

The three planes of the body are the sagittal plane, the coronal plane, and transverse plane. These planes are
imaginary reference points that divide the body into various sections in order to help describe relative anatomy.

Sagittal plane – divided body into right and left parts.

Midsagittal median plane – divides body into two equal halves,
Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse plane (cross/horizontal section) divides into upper and lower parts.

There are many visible landmarks on the surface of the body:

1. Anterior body landmarks
2. Posterior body landmarks
There are two sets of internal body cavities called the dorsal and ventral body cavities. These cavities are closed
to the outside.
1 – Dorsal cavity (fluid filled space)
2 – Ventral body cavity (lined with serous membrane: viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane)

Cranial cavity is the anterior portion of the dorsal cavity

consisting of the space inside the skull.
This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain,
and cerebrospinal fluid.
Vertebral cavity is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity
and contains the structures withing the vertebral column.
These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal cord,
and the fluid – filled spaces between them.

Thoracic cavity
1. Two pleural cavities contain the lungs.
2. Pericardial cavity contains heart
3. Mediastinum is the area between the pleurae, includes everything in thoracic cavity except lungs.
Abdominopelvic cavity
1. Abdominal cavity is lined by peritoneum (serous membrane), which also covers organs
2. Pelvic cavity has reproductive organs, bladder, portions of large intestine.

Because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains several organs, it helps to divide it into smaller areas
for study.
One division method, used primarily by anatomists, uses two transverse and two parasagittal planes. These
planes, divide the cavity into nine regions.
The umbilical regions is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above: gastri = belly)
Hypogastric (public) region is located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below)
The right and left iliac, or inguinal regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior
part of the hip bone)
The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin)
The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region laterally (chondro = cartilage)

A simple scheme to localize the abdominopelvic cavity

organs is to imagine one transverse and one median
sagittal plane pass through the umbilicus at right angles.
The resulting quadrants are named according to their
position from the subject’s point of view.

Anterior – at or near the front of the body (front view)

Posterior – at or near the back of the body (back view)
1. Pectoralis major lies anterior to pectoralis minor.
2. The triceps are posterior to biceps brachii.
3. The patella is located anteriorly in the lower limb.
Midline – an imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)
Lateral – farther from midline (side view)
Medial – nearer to middle (side view)
 1. The eyes is lateral to the nose
2. The nose is medial to the ears.
3. The branchial artery lies medial to the biceps tendon.
Superior – toward the head/upper part of the structure (bird’s eye-eye view, looking down)
Inferior – away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
1. The nose is superior to the mouth.
2. The lungs are superior to the liver.
3. The heart is inferior to the brain.
Superficial – close to the surface of the body.
Deep – away from the surface of the body.
1. The heart is deep to the breastbone
2. The skin is superficial to the skeleton.
Proximal – nearer to the original of a structure
Distal – farther from the origination of a structure.
1. The knee is proximal to the toes.
2. The foot is distal to the ankle.
3. The head is distal to the chest.