Introduction to Animal

Physiology
Sugiharto, S.Pt., M.Sc., Ph.D.
 Animal physiology
• Animal physiology is the study of how animals work, or more
specifically the physical and chemical processes that occur within
animals
• Animal physiology is important to understand how the body
functions and coordinates its activities
 Concept of physiology
• The study of the functions of living organisms
 whole organisms
 organ systems
 organs
 tissues
 cells
 Concept of physiology
• Physiological processes are dynamic; cells change their
function in response to changes in the composition of their
local environment, and the organism responds to
alterations in both its internal and external environment
• Many physiological reactions are aimed at preserving a
constant physical and chemical internal environment
(homeostasis)
• An understanding of biochemistry is fundamental to
physiology
 Ten physiological organ systems
• Circulatory  transports gases, nutrients and wastes
• Digestive  obtains nutrients, water and electrolytes
• Endocrine  regulates processes for duration
• Immune  defends against foreign invaders
• Integumentary  protective barrier
• Musculoskeletal  support, protect & movement
• Nervous  controls rapid response of body
• Reproduction  perpetuation of the species
• Respiratory  O₂ and CO₂, regulates pH
 Anatomy vs. physiology
Anatomy
• structural makeup especially of an organism or any of its
parts

Physiology
• the study of body organ function individually or in
conjunction with other organs
 Anatomy vs. physiology
Anatomy Physiology
-- the What -- -- the How --

The physical FORM and The FUNCTION of those

parts of an organism parts as they work
independently and
collectively
 Digestive system
Anatomy Physiology
- Mouth
The breaking down of feed into simple
- Esophagus substance that can be absorbed by
- Stomach the body.
- Intestines Intakes, stores, digest feed
- Cecum*
- Gizzard*
- Anus
 Respiratory system
Anatomy Physiology
- Nostrils
- Nasal cavity Brings oxygen from the air into the
- body and expels carbon dioxide
Pharynx
- from the body.
Larynx
- This is accomplished with the help of
Trachea
- the circulatory system
Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Lungs
 Circulatory system
Anatomy Physiology
- Heart
Pumps blood throughout the body and
- Arteries exchanges gases, transports
- Capillaries nutrients and remove waste from
- Veins the cells
 Nervous system
Anatomy Physiology
Central nervous system Detects and processes information and
- Brain formulates responses; coordinates
- Spinal cord and controls all bodily activity
- Nerve cells The nervous system sends and receives
Peripheral nervous system impulses – electrical signals that
travel though the nervous system
- Nerves radiating off central
and provide information to the
nervous system
brain
 Endocrine system
Anatomy Physiology
- Hormones
Hormones are organic catalysts that
- Glands
influence the growth and
development of the body; they are
secreted by glands
 Excretory system
Anatomy Physiology
- Kidneys
Waste products removed with some
- Urerters water after being filtered by the
- Bladder kidneys and stored by the bladder
- Urethra
 Reproductive system
Anatomy Physiology
- Testicles
The formation of gametes that are
- Ovaries placed together during reproduction
- Vas deferens that results in formation of
- Clitoris offspring after gestation in the
- Fallopian Tubes female
- Epididimis
- Etc…
 Elements in the animal body
• Most of the animal body is
made up of water (H2O),
with cells consisting of 65-
90% water by weight →
most of a animal body's
mass is oxygen.
• Carbon, the basic unit for
organic molecules, comes in
second.
99% of the mass of the
animal body is made
up of just six elements:
oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen,
calcium, and
phosphorus.
 Elements in the animal body
• Oxygen (65%) • Copper, Zinc, Selenium,
• Carbon (18%) Molybdenum, Fluorine,
• Hydrogen (10%) Chlorine, Iodine,
• Nitrogen (3%) Manganese, Cobalt, Iron
• Calcium (1.5%) (0.70%)
• Phosphorus (1.0%) • Lithium, Strontium,
• Potassium (0.35%) Aluminum, Silicon, Lead,
• Vanadium, Arsenic,
Sulfur (0.25%)
Bromine (trace amounts)
• Sodium (0.15%)
• Magnesium (0.05%)
 Life and energy
• Life is an energy-handling process
• What most clearly separates the living from the non-living
is the fact that life uses energy to maintain itself. Non-life
cannot do this
• Energy definition: the capacity to do mechanical work or
more broadly the capacity to increase order
 Life and energy
• Animals are organized or ordered systems
• Energy is brought into the system to maintain that order
• Animals are open ordered systems that rely on the input of
energy to maintain that order
 Life and energy
• Animals cannot manufacture their own energy, and thus
must get it from plants or other animals
• Virtually all multicellular animals obtain the energy that
fuels their life-sustaining processes by combining the food
they eat with oxygen in a kind of slow, controlled burn
• Breaking apart chemical bonds in food releases energy.
This energy, in turn, is packaged in a convenient, easily
handled form: the molecule adenosine triphosphate (or
ATP, for short)
 Life and energy
• ATP is a kind of common energy currency used by all
living cells.
• Energy can change form from one kind to another
– Chemical energy of ATP to mechanical energy in muscles, and
from elastic energy in tendons to thermal energy of metabolic
heat.
– Living things need to continually acquire new energy.
 The flow of energy in animals
• Flow of energy starts as ingested chemical energy
• Egested/excreted chemical bond energy is fecal chemical
energy
• Ingested energy that is assimilated into the cells is
absorbed chemical energy and this energy is available to
perform physiological work
• Ingested energy − egested energy = absorbed chemical
energy
 The flow of energy in animals
• The flow of energy is one way.
 Heat is not used to form chemical bond energy or any other
high form energy
• Energy is not recycled in organisms
– Thus animals have to take in food
 Physiological processes
• The functions of living organisms and their parts in a
normal state
– The physical and chemical processes are involved
• The inverse of physiological processes is pathological or
pathophysiological processes  indicated by the
functional changes of physical and/or chemical factors
 Physiological processes in animals
• Chemical and structural organization • Neural, hormonal, or other chemical
of animal cells and their specialized messengers that serve as regulators of
properties and functions, including physiologic processes and perform
enzymatic machinery and integrative functions in the animal
biochemical conversions • Prenatal, neonatal, and postnatal
• Organization, structure, and function development and growth of animals,
of organ systems, including including genetic control mechanisms
endocrine, circulatory/vascular, and accretion, deposition, and
urinary, nervous, muscular, and degradation of proteins and fats in animal
skeletal systems, the sense organs, the tissues
common integument and its • Lactation physiology, including alveolar
derivatives, and body fluids development and involution, milk
• Physiology of vital life processes and synthesis, secretion and ejection, milk
mechanisms of function and control composition, and patterns of lactation
 The 3 major physiological functions

An animal uses the energy to carry out 3 major tasks:

•Biosynthesis
•Maintenance
•Generation of external work
 Biosynthesis
• Produce chemicals with chemical-energy content, i.e.
ATP
• Produce new cells and tissues
• Produce organic compounds that are exported from the
body during an animal’s life
 Maintenance
• Maintenance functions maintain the integrity of the body
and this energy is entirely degraded to heat
 Circulation, respiration, nervous coordination, gut motility,
tissue repair
 Mechanical work in the body is internal work
 Generation of external work
• Generation of external work is the application of forces to
objects or forces outside the body
 Energy is transmitted to the environment and is sometimes
converted into potential energy
 Interrelation among physiological
processes
• The animal body is a community of billions of living
organisms (cells)
• Each cell requires a constant supply of oxygen, nutrients,
pure water, and just the right temperature
• Waste removal ensures the proper functioning of the
system
• If cells are not supported in all of these activities, they will
die
 Interrelation among physiological
processes
• It is impossible for each cell to supply its own needs
• In order to perform specialized functions, each cell is
organized in a beautiful system of interdependence for the
good of the whole
 Some cells specialize in supplying food to the whole
community (the digestive system)
 Others are adapted to coordinate the pumping of fresh air into
the community and the removal of stale air (the respiratory
system)
 Interrelation among physiological
processes
• The circulatory system transports food, oxygen, and water to every
system of the body through an intricate network of blood vessels
• Endocrinal system deals with quite a few of the hormones that go
throughout the body and are needed for various processes such as
digestion, excreting of waste products and other sorts of processes
• The urinary system passes the water within our body through a
filtration process in order to maintain a clean supply of body fluids
that the different systems can utilize
 Physiological processes and productivity

• Productivity is the accumulation of several physiological

processes occurred in the animal body
• To maximize the productivity, those several physiological
processes must be optimized as well