LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTION
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
• represent real-life situations using logarithmic functions,
• distinguish among logarithmic functions, equations, and inequality
• illustrate the laws of logarithms
• solve logarithmic equations and inequalities.
• represent a logarithmic function through its
o table of values
o graphs and
o equation
• find the domain and range of a logarithmic function
• determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of a logarithmic function
• graph logarithmic function using Desmos graphing calculator.
• solve problems involving logarithmic functions ,equations, and inequalities.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
Guide Question:
1. What life lessons can we get from the biography of Napier?
2. Mention some of hi contributions in mathematics.
3. What significance and advantages hid his invention bring to man?

 
Logarithmic Function
A logarithmic function is a function defined by

For all positive real numbers and , and

 
Real-life Situations that Involve Logarithmic Function

 The strength of an earthquake is measured on a logarithmic scale

(Richter Scale) which is based on the equation

 The height (in meters) above sea level, the air temperature (in ),
the atmospheric pressure (in cm of Hg), at height , and the
atmospheric pressure at sea level are related by the function
Converting Exponential Form to Logarithmic Form

Exponential Equation Logarithmic Equation

 
2 2
=4  
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 4 = 2
  3
10 = 1,000  
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 1,000=3
  1   1
25 2
=5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 25 5 =
2
 
16
 
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 16= x
 
The Logarithm of a Number
The logarithm of a number to the base is the exponent of the power
to which is raised to obtain . In symbols,
if and only if

 
Example 1
Evaluate the following logarithms
 
Solution
   
b. c.
let
let let
 
Solution
 
Example 2
d. Solve each logarithmic equation
let
 
Solution
 
b.
 
c.
 
 
e.
 
Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations
Let b be as positive real number and Then

if and only if
 
Example 3
Solve each logarithmic equation
a. b.
𝑥2 =4 𝑥 − 4
   
4 𝑥 +1=3 𝑥 − 2
  2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 4=0  
4 𝑥 −3 𝑥=−2 −1
 
( 𝑥 − 2)2=0  
𝒙 =− 𝟑
 
(multiplicity 2)
Laws of Logarithm
  st
1 Law:
For any base b,

I. where
 
Example
Solve each logarithmic equation.
a.
b.
 
Solution
a.
Express the equation in logarithmic form

Property of Equality for logarithmic equations

Solving quadratic equation

Factoring

The solution set is

 
Solution
b.

Express the equation in logarithmic form

Property of Equality for logarithmic equations

Applying the law of exponent

The solution set is
Property of equality of exponential equations
Laws of Logarithm
  nd
2 Law:
The logarithm of the product of positive real numbers is equal to the
sum of the logarithms of the factors to the given base.

 
Example 1
Express each logarithm as the sum of simpler logarithm.
a.
  ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝟓+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝒂 +𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒃
b. ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟐+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝒑+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟑+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝒒
 
 
Example 2
Express the sum of logarithms as a single logarithm.
a. ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝒚
 

b.   ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 𝟏𝟖𝟎
 
3rd Law:
The logarithm of quotient of two positive real numbers is equal to the
logarithms of the dividend minus the logarithm of the divisor.
 
Example 1
Express each logarithm as a sum or difference of simpler
logarithmic expressions.
a.   ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟕 𝟓𝟎 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟕 𝟑
b.
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 𝟐+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 𝒙 −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 𝒚
 

 
Example 2
Express the difference of logarithms as a single logarithm.
  𝒙
a. ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂
𝟐 𝒙 +𝟏
b.   𝟖𝟎
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 =𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 𝟏𝟔
𝟓
Laws of Logarithm
  th
4 Law:
The logarithm of the power of a positive real number is equal to the
exponent times the logarithm of the number to the given base.

 
Example 1
Express each logarithm as sum or difference of logarithms.
  𝟏
a. ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝒙 +𝟑 ) +𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 𝟐+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 𝒙
𝟐 𝒃
b.   𝟏 𝟏
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝒂+𝟐 ) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝒂+𝟑 )
𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙
 
Example 2
Express each logarithm as a single logarithm.
a. 𝟑 𝟐
 
𝒙 𝒚
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃
√ 𝒛
b.   𝟏 𝟑
𝟒 𝟒
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 ( 𝒙+𝟓) ( 𝒙 +𝟓)
  𝟏 𝟑
+
𝟒 𝟒
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 ( 𝒙+𝟓 )
𝟏
  ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 ( 𝒙 +𝟓 )
 
¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃 ( 𝒙 +𝟓 )
  
Practice!
Solve each logarithmic equation.
a.
b.
c.
 
Solution.
a.  
 
Solution.  
Solution.
b. c.
  
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
Solve each logarithmic inequality.
a.
b.
 
 
Solution.
a.
 
Common Logarithm
• A logarithm to the base of 10.
• Uses in many physical quantities such as the Richter scale
readings of earthquake, decibels of sound and intensity, and the pH
level of chemical substances.
• is written as
• In the integral number is called the , and , a number greater than
or equal to but less than , is called the

The decimal 0.875061 is called the mantissa and the integer 1 is called
the characteristic of log 75.
 
Change of Base Theorem
If and are positive real numbers, and then

 
Example
Solve each equation for .
a. b.
    3 𝑥 ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 ) − 𝑥 ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ) =𝑙𝑜𝑔2
 
 𝑥 (3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5− log 2)=𝑙𝑜𝑔2
  𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑥=
(3 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 − log 2)
 
𝒙=𝟎 . 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟔
 
Natural Logarithm
The natural logarithm of a number is denoted by (read as
implies that

 
Properties of Natural Logarithms
I.
II.
 
Example
Solve each equation for .
a.

b.
 
Solution.  
a. b.

or
 
Solution.  
d.
c.

or
or
or raised to any number
is nonnegative
 
Graphing Logarithmic Function
Sketch the graphs of and

Use the Desmos Graphing Calculator app to see the graph, table of
values, domain and range, intercepts, zeroes and asymptotes of the
logarithmic function
 • The domain of
 • The range of
 • The graph passes through the point
 • The x-intercept is
• The graph is asymptotic to the y-axis
• No y-intercept
 • As increases, increases.
 
Example 2
In one Cartesian coordinate plane, sketch the graphs of the following:
a. b. c. d.
 
Example 3
In one Cartesian coordinate plane, sketch the graphs of the following:
a. b. c. d.
 Solving Problems Involving Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and
Inequalities
 
Example 1
The Richter scale r, used in measuring the magnitude of an earthquake,
is defined by the formula

a) What is the magnitude on the Richter scale of an earthquake which is

1,000 times as intense as the standard one?
b) How many times as intense as the standard one is an earthquake with
magnitude 5 on the Richter scale?
 
Solution
The Richter scale r, used in measuring the magnitude of an earthquake,
is defined by the formula

a) What is the magnitude on the Richter scale of an earthquake which is

1,000 times as intense as the standard one?
 
Solution
The Richter scale r, used in measuring the magnitude of an earthquake,
is defined by the formula

b) How many times as intense as the standard one is an earthquake with

magnitude 5 on the Richter scale?
let magnitude on the Richter scale
 Solving Problems Involving Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and
Inequalities
 
Example 2
The intensity of a sound in decibels or commonly known as loudness is given by
the formula

a) Find the rating of a normal voice which is 12,000 times as intense as the standard
one.
b) A normal human hearing can be damaged or lost due to prolonged exposure to
sound with intensity above 85 decibels. A person who is exposed to a prolonged
firecracker launch with average intensity of times as intense as the standard will
experience harm or a damage hearing.
 
Solution.

a) Find the rating of a normal voice which is 12,000 times as intense as

the standard one.

Thus, the rating of the normal voice is approximately 41 decibels.

 
Solution.
b). A normal human hearing can be damaged or lost due to prolonged exposure to
sound with intensity above 85 decibels. A person who is exposed to a prolonged
firecracker launch with average intensity of times as intense as the standard
will experience harm or a damage hearing.

The firecracker launch can create a noise level of approximately 134 decibels, way
above the normal limit of 85 decibels. Therefore, s person should avoid such area, or
use protective gear in the duration of his /her stay in the area.