Transformer Basic

Introduction
• A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at
one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage
level through the action of a magnetic field.
• There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
• It involves interchange of electric energy between two or
more electric systems
• Transformers provide much needed capability of changing
the voltage and current levels easily.
– They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate
voltage level for power transfer.
– Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for
distribution and power utilization.

01/05/22 2
 Power Transformer Classification
• In terms of number of windings
– Conventional transformer: two windings
– Autotransformer: one winding
– Others: more than two windings
• In terms of number of phases
– Single-phase transformer
– Three-phase transformer( Delta or Star Connected)
• Depending on the voltage level at which the winding is operated
– Step-up transformer: primary winding is a low voltage (LV)
winding
– Step-down transformer : primary winding is a high voltage (HV)
winding

A Power Transformer is a very valuable and vital link in a Power Transmission

system

01/05/22 3
Transformer
Nameplate
Transformer Nameplate
Transformer Nameplate
 Components of Transformer
1. Windings
2. Core
3. Bushings
4. Conservator
5. Breather
6. Radiator
7. OLTC
8. Oil level Indicator
9. Thermometers OTI, WTI
10.Bucholz, PRD relay
11.Cooling system
12. Tank
Transformer Cooling

ONAN
Transformer Conservator tank assembly
Transformer Bucholz Relay
Transformer PRD
Transformer Winding Temperature meter
Transformer Oil Level Indicator
TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP
Winding connection designations:
•First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital
letters.
• D=Delta, Y=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral
•Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small
letters.
• d=Delta, y=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.
•Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as
the clock hour number (1,6,11)
•Example – Dyn11
Transformer has a delta connected primary winding
(D) a star connected secondary (y) with the star point
brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading
(11).
•The point of confusion is occurring in notation in a
step-up transformer. As the IEC60076-1 standard
has stated, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For
example, a step-up transformer with a delta-
connected primary, and star-connected secondary,
is not written as ‘dY11’, but ‘Yd11’. The 11 indicates
the LV winding leads the HV by 30 degrees.

•Transformers built to ANSI standards usually do

not have the vector group shown on their nameplate
and instead a vector diagram is given to show the
relationship between the primary and other
windings.
Delta Wye transformer
 3Phase Transformer (Δ-Y)
a a1 r
R
y
Y b b1 b
B

a1 b1
a b

01/05/22 23
 Effect of External Fault in D-Y
Transformer
Fault Current Distribution
132/33kV

VP Vs

IP IS
nP nS
IS VP 4
= =
IP VS
nP
nS = ?? nP
nS = 4x1.732

01/05/22 24
 Effect of External Fault in D-Y Transformer
Fault Current Distribution

3Phase fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

I11 i1
I1 250A

I22 i2 If=1000A
250A
I2
I33 i3 If=1000A
250A
I3

If=1000A
What would be phase
current ?
I1= I11 – I33 I2= I22 – I11 I3= I33 – I22
01/05/22 25
 Effect of External Fault in D-Y Transformer
Fault Current Distribution

3Phase fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

250A If=1000A

250A If=1000A

250A ?? If=1000A
What would be phase
current ?

01/05/22 26
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

3Phase fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

250A If=1000A

250A If=1000A

250A 144A
If=1000A

01/05/22 27
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

Earth fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

V1 V2

?? ?? If=1000A

01/05/22 28
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

Earth fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

V1 V2

nx1.732 n

?? ?? If=1000A

Voltage ratio=a:1
Turns Ratio= (aX1.732):1
a=(132/33)=4
01/05/22 29
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

Earth fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

V1 V2

?? 144A If=1000A

01/05/22 30
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

Earth fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV
144A

V1 V2

144A 144A If=1000A

Two phase over current on delta side

01/05/22 31
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

Phase to phase fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

V2
??
1000A
??

?? 1000A
If=1000A

01/05/22 32
 Fault current distribution in D-Y Transformer

Phase to phase fault on LV side

T2 132/33kV

144A V2
144A
1000A
144A

288A 144A 1000A

If=1000A

01/05/22 33
 ZIGZAG CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER
 The zigzag connection of tranformer is also called
the interconnected star connection. 
 This connection has some of the features of the Y
and the ∆ connections, combining the advantages
of both.
 The zigzag transformer contains six coils on three
cores.
 Its applications are for the deviation of a neutral
connection from an ungrounded 3-phase system
and the grounding of that neutral to an earth
reference point and harmonics mitigation.
 It can cancel triplet (3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st, etc.)
harmonic currents.
 Conventional Protection Scheme of a Two Winding
Power Transformer

01/05/22 37
 Over current and earth fault
protection
a b

IN
IB IY IR 50/51 50/51 IR IY IB

Standby E/F
IN 50N/51N 50/51N IN

01/05/22 38