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Ciclo de Las Rocas
Ciclo de Las Rocas
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Pyroclastic material
• (pyro = fire, clastic = debris)
• Airborne lava
— cools as it falls
Composition of the magma
• Analogous to what makes up the “stew"
• What chemical elements are present
• What material has the magma moved
through
Temperature of the melt
• Not only how hot, but how long it stays that hot
• also relates to pressure of the molten rock
Cooling environment
• fast vs slow
• Internal vs External
Water content
Bowen's Reaction Series- Important !
Plagioclase
Olivine (Ca-feldspar)
Dis
s
nuou
Pyroxene
c
ont
ti
i
Con
nuo
us
Amphibole
Plagioclase
Biotite (Na-feldspar)
Orthoclase
(K-feldspar)
Muscovite
Quartz
What things might you
describe when looking at an
igneous rock?
Composition of Igneous rocks
Felsic or Sialic magma
• Si-rich (> 65%)
• rich in K, and Al
• little Ca, Fe, and Mg.
Intermediate magma
• between the two extremes in Si
content and other atoms.
Mafic magma
• Si - poor (< 35%)
• richer in Ca, Fe, and Mg.
Crystal Settling
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Magma Mixing
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Ways of Changing
magma
Magma Composition
Assimilation
Viscosity of Magma/ Lava
Viscosity- important for volcanic activity
• the resistance of a liquid to flow
— high viscosity = thick and stiff
— low viscosity = thin and "runny".
Related to:
• amount of water (H2O) in magma
• amount of silica (Si) in magma
• Mafic
— thin, low viscosity
• Felsic
— thick, high viscosity
Igneous Rock Textures- how big are the
Phaneritic Texture minerals?
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Feldspar
mineral
grain
Quartz mineral
grain
Granite & Rhyolite
Phaneritic Texture
Felsic magma
Granite
What are the textures in these two
rocks ?
Aphanitic Texture
Felsic magma
Rhyolite
Andesite & Diorite
Aphanitic texture Phaneritic texture
forms from intermediate -forms from intermediate
composition magma composition magma
Basalt
Gabbro
»
Peridotite- the abundance (more than 40%)
of Olivine crystals makes the rock take on a
green appearance
Obsidian- conchoidal fracture
And association with volcanic rocks
Volcanic
Glass
Tuffs &Tuffs
Breccias
& Breccias
- look like sedimentary rock
Volcanic
neck
Igneous
dike
Igneous
Sill
Batholith
Sierra Nevada
Batholith- Home to
Yosemite National
Park and a lot of
Granites and
Grano-diorites
Sierra Nevada Batholith
Areal extent of the Idaho
Batholith- a huge (15,400
square miles) intrusive body
of primarily felsic
composition (granites)
igneous rocks
An igneous dike-
Discordant with
surrounding rock
It cuts across
other rocks
An igneous sill-
Concordant with
surrounding rock
It runs parallel
to other rocks
Volcanic Necks & Igneous Dikes
Neck
Dike
igneous
Igneous sill
sill
Lava flows
Flood basalts create lava cliffs on the Columbia Plateau