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S __ L __ R S __ S __ E __
SO L AR SYSTEM
 LESSON 2:
SOLAR SYSTEM

EARTH SCIENCE
 Solar System
A. Overview
 The solar system is located in the
Milky Way galaxy(a huge disc- and
spiral-shaped aggregation of about at
least 100 billion stars and other bodies).
 Its spiral arms rotate around a globular
cluster or bulge of many, many stars, at
the center of which lies a supermassive
black hole.
 MILKY WAY GALAXY
 This
galaxy is about 100 million light
years across (1 light year = 9.4607 ×
1012 km.
 Thesolar system revolves around the
galactic center once in about 240 million
years.
 The Milky Way is part of the so-called
Local Group of galaxies, which in turn
is part of the Virgo super cluster of
galaxies;
 Virgo Super Cluster
 The Virgo Supercluster or the Local
Supercluster is a mass concentration of
galaxies that contains the Milky Way and
Andromeda Galaxies.
 At least 100 galaxy groups and clusters are
located within its diameter of 33 megaparsecs
(110 million light-years).
 It is one of about 10 million superclusters in
the observable universe. BN
 Solar System
 Age of Solar System is at
4.6 billion years old
based on radioactive
dating of meteorites
(Solar System is much
younger than the
Universe).
 Solar System
B. Large Scale Features of the Solar System
 Much of the mass of the Solar System is concentrated
at the center (Sun) while angular momentum is held
by the outer planets.
 Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same
plane.
 All planets revolve around the sun.
 Solar System
 The periods of revolution of
the planets increase with
increasing distance from the
Sun; the innermost planet
moves fastest, the outermost,
the slowest;
 Solar System
C. Small scale features of the Solar System
 Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials with high
melting points such as silicates, iron , and nickel. They rotate
slower, have thin or no atmosphere, higher densities, and
lower contents of volatiles - hydrogen, helium, and noble
gases.
 Solar System
 The outer four planets are called "gas giants" because of the
dominance of gases and their larger size. They rotate faster,
have thick atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid interiors
rich in hydrogen, helium and ices (water, ammonia,
methane).
Activity 1: Compare and Contrast the
Planets

 Write down on a piece of paper the similarities and differences among the planets.
 Provide possible explanations for you observations using the information in Table
1 and your prior knowledge on the planets.
 Two representative from each group to present their observation.
 Comparison of the features of Venus, Earth, and Mars
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2015)
Venus Earth Mars
Mass (1024 kg) 4.87 5.97 0.642
Diameter (km) 12,104 12, 756 6,792
Density (kg/m3) 5,243 5,514 3,933
Gravity (m/s2) 8.9 9.8 3.7
Escape Velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 5
Surface Pressure (bars) 92 1 0.01
Composition of 96% CO2 77% N 96% CO2
Atmosphere 3.5% N 21% O 2.7% N
1% Ar 1.6% Ar
Major Greenhouse CO2 C02 C02
Gases H2O
Mean Temperature (◦C) 464 15 -65
Temperature if no -46 -18 -57
greenhouse gases are
present
Chance in temperature +523 +33 +10
(◦C) due to greenhouse
gases
Distance from sun (106 108.2 149.6 227.9
km)
Orbital periods (days) 224.7 365.2 687
Orbital velocity (km/s) 35 29.8 24.1
Length of days (hours) 2,802 24 24.7
Global Magnetic Field No Yes No
 Origin of the Solar
System
1. Nebular Hypothesis
2. Encounter Hypothesis
3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - Current
Hypothesis
 Nebular Hypothesis
 In the 1700s Emanuel
Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant,
and Pierre-Simon Laplace
independently thought of a rotating
gaseous cloud that cools and
contracts in the middle to form the
sun and the rest into a disc that
become the planets.
 Nebular Hypothesis
The two major flaws of this type
of hypothesis include:
 1) fails to explain how planets are
formed (hot gas from the sun/star
expands and will not form
planets);
 2) this type of encounters are
extremely rare
 Encounter Hypotheses
 Buffon’s (1749) Sun-comet encounter
that sent matter to form planet;
 JamesJeans’ (1917) sun-star
encounter that would have drawn
from the sun matter that would
condense to planets,
 Planetesimal Hypothesis
 T.C. Chamberlain and F. R.
Moulton’s (1904)
planetesimal hypothesis
involving a star much bigger
than the Sun passing by the
Sun and draws gaseous
filaments from both out which
planetesimal were formed.
 Protoplanet Hypotheses -
 The current hypothesis
 Suggests that about 5 billion years ago a great cloud
of gas and dust rotated slowly in space. The cloud was
at least 10 billion kilometers in diameter. As time
passed, the cloud shrank under the pull of its own
gravitation or was made to collapse by the explosion
of a passing star
 Protoplanet Hypotheses -
 Most of the cloud's material gathered around its
own center.
 Its shrinking made it rotate faster, like a spinning
whirlpool. The compression of its material made its
interior so hot that a powerful reaction, hydrogen
fusion, began and the core of the cloud blazed into
a newborn sun.
 Protoplanet Hypotheses -
 About 10 percent of the material in the cloud
formed a great plate-like disk surrounding the sun
far into space.
 Compact masses called protoplanets are formed
and later planets and moons.
 Some uncollected material remains even today as
comets, meteoroids, and asteroids.
 Planetary Pose
 Characterization- performers had a definite distinct character
and showed depth of character throughout the performance.
 StagePresence - always aware of audience and others on stage
and outstanding use of body language
 Choreography - demonstrates excellent knowledge of
choreography/style of dance is always reflective of
character/always portrays enthusiasm in movement
 Cooperation – always worked well with others
 Planetary Pose
Preparedness – students are completely
prepared and have obviously rehearse.
Props and costumes – students used several
props that show considerable work and
creativity that enhance the presentation
 Venus, Earth, and Mars are part of the inner terrestrial or "rocky" planets.
Their composition and densities are not too different from each other.
 Venus is considered to be the Earth's twin planet. It has a very similar size
and mass with the Earth. Mars is about half the Earth's size.
 Orbitalperiod and velocity are related to the planet's distance from the sun.
Among the three planet, Venus is the nearest and Mars is the farthest from
the Sun.
 Rotational speed of Earth and Mars are very similar. Rotational speed of
Venus is extremely slow.
 Abundance of liquid water on Earth, hence the blue color. The Earth is a
habitable planet.