DRUGS IN SPORT

What is Drugs?

 Drug is defined as any

chemical substances that
affect our body’s psychological
functioning or physiological
functioning.
 Drugs in sports

 The administration of or use by a

competing athlete of any substance
foreign to the body or any
physiological substance taken in
abnormal quantity or taken by an
abnormal route of entry into the body
with the sole intention of increasing in
performance in competition.
Two categories of drugs

 Restorative:
 Taken to alleviate injury, hypertension,
sickness and dissipation.
 Example: - pain killers, tranquilizers,
barbiturates, enzymes and muscle relaxants.
 Additive:
 Taken to enhance performance.
 Example: - Amphetamine that stimulates
central nervous system; and anabolic
steroids that increases muscle size.
Why athletes use drugs?
 The pressure to win.
 For a better image.
 To upgrade performance and competing
ability.
 To gain weight and muscle.
 Increase endurance.
 To control emotions and feelings.
 To loose drug content in urine.
 Improve muscle size, energy and
strength.
 Types of Drugs

1.Anabolic steroids
 Example:

testosterone stanozolol

clenbuterol metandienon
 Purpose: Enhancement of men
hormone-testosterone,
epitestosterone
 Effect: Improve muscle size, energy
and strength
 Athletes

involved: Athletic, weightlifting, and

discuss throw
2. Diuretics
 Example:

furosemide acetazolamide

spironolactone
 Purpose: Influencing liquid
dehydration
 Effect: Loosing up weight drastically,
loosing drug content in urine
 Athletes involved: Boxer
3.Beta Blockers
 Examples:

metoprolol propanolol
 Purpose: Reduce palpitation and
heartbeat controlling feelings
 Effect: To control emotions and
feelingsArchery, shooting,
parachuting and synchronize
 Athletes: swimming
4. Stimulants
 Example:

amphetamine cocaine

caffeine ephedrine
 Purpose: Increase heartbeat and
blood circulation.
 Effect: Alertness enhancement, lessen
tiredness, upgrade
performance and competing
ability.
 Athletes involved: Football and
cycling
5. Narcotic analgesics
 Example:

methadone diamorphine
(heroin)

morphine pethidine
 Purpose: Numb medication for
unsevere injury to severe.
 Effect: Losing aches and injuries.
Allow athletes to continue
training during injuries.
 Athletes involved: All
6. Peptide hormone
 Example: Chrorionic, gonadotrophine,
somatotrophine, synthetic
erythropoietein hormone.
 Purpose: Stimulant and enlargement
hormone
 Effect: Weight and muscle gain.
Increase endurance.
 Athletes Involved: All
7. Blood doping
 Purpose: Re-injected blood
increases oxygen supply to
muscles
 Effect: Improving endurance
 Athletes involved: Track and field
 How can we prevent
athletes from using drugs?
 Critically examine the deep hypocrisy
involved in elite power and performance
sports.
 Establish rules indicating clearly that
certain risk to health are undesirable and
unnecessary in sports.
 Establish rules stating that injured
athletes are not allowed to play until
certified as “well” by two independent
physicians apart from doctors hired by
team and organizations.
 Establish educational programs for
young athletes.
 Establish codes of ethics for sport
scientists.
 Make drug education part of larger
deviance and health education
program.
 Anti-doping Agency in
Malaysia
 ADAMAS-Agensi ‘Anti-Doping
Malaysia’
 ADK-Agensi Dadah Kebangsaan
 PEMADAM-Persatuan Mencegah
Dadah Malaysia
 Prevention of Doping in
Malaysia
Steps taken by the government:
 Implementing educational programs
for athletes, coaches and officials
through courses, speech and
providing related brochures.
 Doing random tests outside of
tournaments to detect doping
activities by athletes.
 Each independent sport organization
runs drug tests on their athletes.
 Provide and advice athletes about the
usage of supplements.
The American 2006 Dopers

High-profile American
athletes failed doping test:
 Triple Olympic sprint queen-
Marion Jones (BALCO-steroid)
 Olympic 100 meter Champion-
Justin Gatlin (testosterone)
 Tour de France cyclist- Floyd
Landis
 Association Related to
Jones Case
 IAAF- International Association of
Athletics Federation.
-banning all results since Sept 1,
2000, although she has retired
from competition.
 Malaysian Athletes Tested
Positive
1996:
 Azmi Ibrahim (sprinting)
Since 2002:
 Amirul Hamizan Ibrahim (weight lifting)
 Rayener KinsiongIn (karate)
 Mohd Razif Salleh (track cycling)
 In the last 2006 Malaysia Games, only one
athlete from the 400 samples failed the
doping test. Her blood sample was tested
positive of “prednisolone”.
THANK YOU