SYNOPSIS PRESENTATION

ON

STUDIES ON ZEOLITE FAMILY CRYSTAL FOR PURIFICATION OF WATER

FROM MAHARASHTRA
A
SYNOPSIS
SUBMITTED TO THE
SHRI JAGDISH PRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY,
FOR THE DEGREE
OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
PHYSICS

PRESENTER RESEARCH GUIDE

SHITAL MUNDE (PHD CANDIDATE) DR. ASTHA SINGH

DEPARTMENT OF SHRI JAGDISH PRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA

UNIVERSITY,
VIDYANAGARI, JHUNJHUNU,RAJASTHAN- 333001
CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

PROPOSED CONTRIBUTION

OBJECTIVE

METHODOLOGY

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

WORK PLAN

REFERENCES
Introduction:

The primary building block of the zeolite frame work is the tetrahedron, the center of which is occupied by a silicon or
aluminium atom with four atoms of oxygen at the vertices. Each oxygen atom is shared between two literal. Hence the
tetrahedral form a continuous frame work.

Substitution of by Al indicate the negative charged frame work, which is compensated by monovalent or divalent
cations located together with the water molecules in structural channels. Cations in the channels are substituted easily
and therefore they are termed exchange or extra framework cations.

Unlike Si and Al which are not exchanged under ordinary conditions; latter are termed tetrahedral (T) or framework
cations.
Before the 1960 zeolite minerals was thought to be distributed in hydrothermal veins and geodes in basalts.
Due to the usual small size of the veins and because of poly-minerality, these deposits have no practical importance, but
samples of vein origin have been used to establish the properties of the minerals and the possibility of their utilization in
industry.

All known zeolites have been found in hydrothermal veins, some of them are major rock forming species . Only in
recent decades ,first in Japan, then later in USA and Europe, have a wide distribution of zeolites in certain sedimentary
rocks established.

More than 40 distinct species have been recognized; nearly 100 of varieties having no natural counterparts have been in
laboratory.

The potential application of both natural and synthetic zeolite steams, of course from their fundamental physical and
chemical properties which turn are related to their chemical properties which turn are related to their chemical
composition and crystal structure.
To cope up with world growing energy requirements whether they are from fossil fuels , nuclear, solar or other untapped
 
new progress or upgrade old ones to do a more efficient job. New or modified technology invariably calls for new or
modified materials with properties to match.

The ability of certain zeolites to absorb nitrogen selectivity from air and produce oxygen rich products might find zeolites
at the forefront of such fields as coal-gasification .

More than 25% of coal reserves are in deep lying unlikeable seams and will require underground if they are utilized.
The use of onsite zeolite adsorption units, however, might be answer in that would be capable of producing any
liquefaction.

Utilizing natural zeolites from its Bowie Arizona area NRG Corporation of USA developed a pressure-wing adsorption
process to extract up to 25% from gas well.

Along with quartz and feldspar minerals, zeolites are tectosilicates, that is consist of three- dimensional framework of
tetrahedra .

This arrangement of tetrahedra reduce the overall Si:0 ratio to 2:1 and if each tetrahedral structure in the frame work
contains silicon by trivalent aluminicate , gives rise to a deficiency of a positive charge.

This charge is balanced by the presences of movement of divalent cation, such as elsewhere in the structure which are
represented by empirical formula .
Literature review :
 
Zeolites were discovered in 1756 by Freiherr Axel Fredrik Cronstedt , a Swedish mineralogist, who named them from
Greek word meaning “boiling stone”.

Despite their occurrence in almost every basalt floe, few investigations of major geological significance were carried
out on them and zeolites were regarded for the most part of museum cases and collection drawers.

Damour discovered that zeolites could be reversibly dehydrated without destruction of the crystal, Where as Friedel
observed that various liquids such as benzene , alcohol, chloroform and mercury could be occluded by the dehydrated
zeolites.

In 1909 Grandje and emostreted adsorption properties of zeolite using chabazite and gases such as hydrogen, air,
ammonia, and iodine . It was observed that dehydrated zeolites would absorb small organic molecules but
reject larger ones, a phenomenon described in 1932 by Bain as “ Molecular sieving”. In the four decades that
followed, several reports on the dehydration, adsorption and ion exchange properties of zeolite minerals appeared in
the literature, mostly from the laboratories of Barrer in London and Sameshima in Japan.

Loosely bond water also present in the structure of all zeolites and its ranges from 10 to 20 % of dehydrated phase.

Part of all this water is given off continuously and reversibly on heating a zeolite from room temperature to about
3500𝑐𝑐.Once the water is removed, the cations fall back to positions on the inner surface of the channels and central
cavities.
The dehydration of zeolite is an endothermic process conversely, rehydration is exothermic. Water content of
zeolite is depends on the percentage of water of the atmosphere to which the zeolite exposed.

Discovery of different types of zeolites in low grade metamorphic rocks of new Zealand and Sersale early work
on Italy, a few farsighted geologists and volcanic ashes by X-ray diffraction techniques . Most of the zeolites in
altered tuffs are extremely fine grained and defy reliable microscopic characterization . Practical size ranges
from 0.1μm to a few μm .

The realization that zeolite crystals have potential applications in numerous area industrial and agricultural
applications in numerous area of industrial and agricultural technology provide impetus for exploration and
development programme that have been carried out in many countries.

Commercial use of natural zeolite crystals is still in its infancy. However, more than 300,000 tones of zeolite tuff
is being mined each year in united states, Japan, Italy, USSR, Germany, Korea and many other countries.

In recent years zeolite minerals found increasing applications in the field of pollution abatement ,and they are
fast becoming standard components in the design and construction of such facilities. Both the ion exchange and
absorption properties of zeolite can be utilized.

Zeolite may be used for extract and concentrate uranium and other ion from low level processing solution ,such
as those encountered during the place or help leaching of uranium and copper ores .
Zeolite are hydrated aluminosilicate mineral crystal having skeletal structure with well-defined voids and channels field
with considerable amount of water in it .

Due to fascinating properties and presence of well –defined voids and channels, zeolite crystals have countless eco-
friendly applications in various fields , such as water treatment,aquaculture, agriculture , horticulture, Odor control, ion
exchange ,gas adsorption ,industrial gas separation ,heat storage and solar refrigeration .

Now a day hundred tons of zeolite powder is being used in petrochemical and other industrial applications.

So zeolite is becoming new advanced material in different fields for eco-friendly applications .

from last many year detailed schemes for utilizing energy from the sunray are commonly stymied by the lack of for both
air conditioning and water heating, the dehydration of zeolites by day time and its rehydration at night results in the
exchange of several hundred BTU’s of heat energy per pound of zeolite ,sufficient to small building as reported by
Tchernev .

He estimated that one ton of zeolite in solar panels spread over 200 square feet of roof surface will produce
one ton of air conditioning.
 
The extremely non- linear adsorption isotherms of crystalline zeolites in contrast with other sorbent materials make
possible cooling efficiencies bettered by more than 50 % .

If continuous experimentation supports these initial results, solar energy uses may create a market for natural
zeolites of a few million tons each year.

The escalation of nuclear power plant construction in different countries in the next decades will results in the
production of large quantities of waste.
Natural zeolites capable of extracting species such as , , , selectively and also of retaining their ion –exchange
properties in high flux environments may well play major role in the safe development of nuclear power.

The potential market for low cost oxygen generators based on effective adsorption properties of zeolites in direct
competition with the more expensive synthetic zeolites currently being used in several commercial systems. At
room temperature under conditions of normal humidity, the three components of zeolite structure are in
equilibrium.

On heating or evacuation, water is released from the structure and this is accompanied by other processes which
establish equilibrium under the new conditions. The temperature at which water released from the structure and the
rate of its loss depends upon the water vapour pressure. At a pressure of 1 x Pa the dehydration temperature will be
200º C higher in vacuum
Earth is made-up of water, fire, air, soil, rocks and different kind of crystals in it. Every life initially born in water only in
presence of sunlight. Hence life without water is highly impossible on earth. So for lives “water is elixir of life”.

If we see the availability of water on earth, then it if found that 71% of total land is occupied by water. So earth look
blue if we look from any planet.

Only less than 0.1 % of total water available in underground sweet fresh water and rivers

Under the name of development very high attention is given for industrialization , urbanization and green revolution . So
drinkable fresh sweet water is heavily polluting due to industrial , municipal waste, agrochemical fertilization

This is affecting on human health without any cause. Our Maharashtra is third largest state by area in India distributed
over 307,713 km2 area with 112,374,333 population with 950/m2 population density

In Maharashtra in an average from 60 to 90 days 1360mm to 1773mm rain falls in Konkan Marathwada Vidarbha But
our Maharashtra is under Deccan trap region so it has poor water harvesting capacity, very large amount of water reaches
to sea becoming salty nearly in 34 gm of salt is available in 1 kg of sea water. So entire water is becoming salty

Now contaminated water is killing one after every four hours in Maharashtra
According to index Delhi, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Nashik , Jaipur ,Ahmedabad and Indore are the cities facing
‘extreme risk’ .
About 80 % of Indians water is severely polluted

Each year’s more than 1.5 millions Indian children dies from diarrhea. Out of the entire Indian population experts predict
that 40 % of peoples may not have a connection to a clean water source by 2030

In the past five years 11.768 peoples were died due to unsafe drinking water

In mineralogical terms water is called as “ Zeolitic” when it can be removed at elevated temperature without destruction of
the original structure which can absorb once more on recovery of original conditions.

Zeolite water is represented in the crystals by H2O Molecules. But the properties and the states of this component
differ essentially in various – structures. there is one of the objectives of study.

The applicability of natural zeolites for the simultaneous removal of ammonia and humic acid, two of the most encountered
current contaminants, from the surface waters was also investigated. Their removal depends on pH value, initial
concentrations of humic acid and ammonia, temperature and contact time. The obtained results indicated that zeolite
showed best performance for simultaneous removal of ammonia and humic acid at the pH close to that of natural water

The development of new and cost effective methods to remove as from ground water and drinking water also becomes one
of the research priorities. The occurrence of arsenic in natural ground waters is due to geological composition of soil.
The chemical behavior of natural zeolites in different aqueous environments, which was also a subject of recent
geochemical and technological studies, additionally proved their applicability, although monitoring of pH and its changes,
remains very important for their use of real environments. Namely, zeolites can interact with hydrogen or hydroxyl ions
present in solutions and, as a consequence, certain physio-chemical phenomena such as hydrolysis of solids, degradation,
dissolution and even phase transformations can occur.

The present study gives about water purification; filtration technique .Purification of water is mainly focused because of a
sensitive reason that it is one of the essential sources of survival for all living beings.

All living beings need drinking water but human beings need them to be drunk in a purified manner with rich in minerals
and salts. Pure water refers to absence of bacteria and disease causing microorganisms, dissolved metal ions and heavy
impurities. To gain the whole usefulness of drinking water, it should be not only pure but also healthy.

The surface waters in the Republic of Macedonia are seriously endangered by different sources of pollution, but as major
sources are the urban wastewaters and the wastewaters from the industry and mining. Most urban settlements and industrial
capacities directly discharge their wastewaters in the rivers without treatment, which leads to their pollution especially in
the densely populated areas. Some rivers are turned into collectors for wastewater that emanates from the discharges of the
major pollutants.

The quality of the water in the rivers Vardar, Crna River and Bregalnica , after the collection of the wastewater from the
households and the industries from the bigger cities through which they flow is below the stipulated national standards. The
trend for lowering of the pollution in recent years is positive, but unfortunately this trend is a result of the lowered intensity
of industrial activity in our country.
A small amount of treatment facilities have been built for treating the industrial wastewaters, and most of them have
technologies only for a mechanical treatment. A small number of these treatment facilities have technologies for
mechanical and chemical (or biological) treatment of the industrial wastewaters.

All the technologies had tried to make water pure but not healthy. This makes a lot of difference in life cycle before and
after drinking only pure water for a longer period. Some technologies for purification of water chose harmful polymers and
dreadful chemical compositions. The then technologies updated and entered into the nanotechnology and polymers for
water purification and filtration.

Reverse Osmosis is base for any purification process that uses semi permeable membrane which contain ultra, micro and
nano porous membranes which removes bacteria and microbes as well as minerals and salts. This RO processed water may
cause illness on consuming for a long time continuously. Hence some fiber composites and mineral cartridges were
introduced to overcome to add minerals and salts to water. Membrane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking
water and sewage.

For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0.2 μm including giardia and
cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse the water for
industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further
downstream. They are widely used in industry, particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled water).

The presence of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Fe, etc.) in wastewater is a serious environmental problem and
their removal by natural zeolites have been extensively studied along with other technologies, including chemical
precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation flocculation, flotation and electrochemical
methods. Recent investigations of natural zeolites as adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment, their properties and
possible modification of natural zeolites have been a subject of many studies
Pollution from diffuse sources gets into surface and groundwater by rain, flushes or leakages. Water pollution
significantly contributes to the decline of biodiversity in inland waterways. Most polluted streams end up in
the ocean, where it is a threat to coastal areas and fishing. Chemicals and toxic substances discharged into
waters also affect humans, either directly or they accumulate in the bodies of fish or other organisms and end
up in the human body after they have been eaten. These cause various developmental, hormonal and
neurological diseases.

Major expansion of the chemical industry 40 years ago, for example, caused that some species of fish in
European lakes and rivers began to act like hermaphrodites. In our conditions the waste waters are usually
discharged into the sewage treatment plants.

The water filters like activated carbon, synthetic polymers etc are commercially available in the market. But
due to high cost of these absorbents, researchers are still trying to find new cheaper and more efficient
absorbents. It is observed that these filters are affecting on human health, and there is huge wastage of water .
Zeolites are mostly used absorbents because they are environmentally friendly, low cost, and natural, possess
good selectivity for different cations and have high ion-exchange capacity

 Looking horrific condition of pure water rich peoples are establishing water industries at the source of water
and collecting hues economy and becoming richest in the world. Furthermore, they are using chemical rich
filters parched from rich country affecting on human health. This leads to take study on purification of water.

The filters should be natural, safe; easy to use material should be available locally. Excavation of zeolite is
doing in Maharashtra having quarries of zeolite crystals at Ajanta cave near Aurangabad and passion area
Pune. Due to fascinating properties and eco-friendly applications of zeolite crystal and horrific condition of
pure water has been decided to take study on this topic.
 
 
 
Proposed contribution:

Studies on zeolite family crystals for purification of water from Maharashtra provide pure water for society which is
safe and money saver which helps to increase Indian currency growth.
Objective:

1. To study morphological identification of natural Zeolite crystal . Morphological

Studies of crystals surface reveal the growth history of the crystals surface reveal
the growth history of the crystal. So, it is decided to carry on this type study on
Natural zeolite crystal.
2. To study structural studies on zeolite crystals. The potential application of zeolite
are based on their fundamental physical and chemical properties, which in turn
are releated to their crystal structure properties, which in turn are releated to
their crystal structure and chemical compositions. Hence it is decided to under
-taken frame work Structural studies of zeolite crystals.
3. To study physiochemical properties of saline water before and after filtration
through natural zeolite crystals.
4. To prepare best natural zeolite filter for purification of water.
 Methodology:
 

1. Separation of pure and impure zeolite crystals.

2. Grinding and sieving of zeolite powder in different micron sizes of pure zeolite crystals.
3. Preparation of different size filters for filtration of collected saline water from sea.
4. Laboratory testing of before and after filtration of water.
5. Comparison and study of result obtained.
6. Publication of results in conferences and research journals.
7. Compilation of result in the form of thesis for award of ph. D.
Scope and Limitation of study:

Artificially polluted water can be filtered through natural filters made-up of Zeolite. But research on zeolite
synthesis has continued unabated .The problem of the growth of larger single crystal of synthetic zeolites is
important for understanding the zeolite crystallization process as well as for many aspects of zeolite research.
Characterization of a new material as a zeolite available in different parts of India particularly from Maharashtra.
 Workplan:

1. Make survey of Maharashtra for identification of zeolite crystal quarries.

2. Collection of natural zeolite crystals from various parts of Maharashtra particularly
from Marathwada.
3. Collection of saline water from sea
4. Morphological study of collected natural zeolite crystals.
5. Identification of zeolite crystals.
 References:
 
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