REMOTE AREA

POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

An integrated control approach based on active power balance

Sri Anjaneyam
21951A1291
REMOTE AREA POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
(RAPS)

 This presentation presents a control strategy for a high-penetration, wind-based hybrid remote area power supply
(RAPS) system

 The proposed RAPS system consists of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based variable-speed
wind turbine and a battery energy storage system (ESS) with a dump load for dc bus voltage control and a diesel
generator as a backup supply

 An integrated control approach based on the active power balance of the proposed RAPS system has been
proposed and developed to regulate the voltage and frequency within an acceptable bandwidth

 The proposed integrated control algorithm is implemented by developing a controller for the individual system
components in the RAPS system, including the wind energy conversion system, the diesel generator,
REMOTE AREA POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
(RAPS)

the battery storage system, and the dump load, while co-ordinating their response to achieve optimal operation

 The optimal operation for the proposed RAPS system is realized by operating the wind turbine generator (WTG)
at its maximum power extraction mode while restricting the operation of the diesel generating system at low-load
conditions

 In addition to the detailed model, which mainly comprises nonlinear high-order characteristics of each system
component, a linearized model of the RAPS system is presented to compare the active power sharing among the
system components

 Laboratory based experimental tests have been conducted to validate the co-ordinated approach, and the results
are presented here
HYBRID RAPS SYSTEM

 Most rural communities are not able to access the main grid supply systems due to the high cost associated with the
existing methods of grid extension

 Noting this fact, RAPS schemes are identified as the favorable method of supplying power to rural and the regional
communities, including islands where the main grid supply is not available

 Currently, the majority of such locations ared supplied through diesel-power-based generating systems due to lower
installation costs, higher reliability, and operational simplicity

 However, some of the major drawbacks of this type of generation are the high costs associated with the fuel prices,
inefficient operation at a low load factor, high transportation costs, and the environment concerns

 The integration of renewable sources such as wind or solar photovoltaics(PV), with a diesel based power --
HYBRID RAPS SYSTEM

--power generation scheme can reduce the associative life cycle cost and improve the system’s reliability

 Wind power generation has gained momentum in the renewable energy market as the fastest growing technology

 The level of complexity associated with the operation of a wind-diesel (WD)-based hybrid RAPS system has
increased with the high penetration of wind power due to its poor contribution to the system inertia, damping,
X/R (where X is reactance and R is resistance of the line), ratio, and reactive power support, thus requiring a
robust voltage and frequency-control mechanism

 In addition, control co-ordination among different components, optimal operation, power quality issues and cost
effectiveness are some of the aspects that have not received much attention
HYBRID RAPS SYSTEM

 Depending on the wind profile and load demand, the operation modes of a WD power system can be classified
into three modes of operation:
o Wind only (WO)

o Wind-Diesel (WD)

o Diesel only (DO)

 In the case of WO mode, only the WTG supplies power to the loads while disabling the operation of the diesel
generating system

 However, due to the intermittency associated with the WTG, its power output cannot exactly match the load
demand
HYBRID RAPS SYSTEM

 This issue can be alleviated to an extent by integrating an ESS into a WD RAPS system, which provides an
enhanced performance with improved reliability and supply quality

 In WD mode, the power output from the WTG is less than the load demand, and hence, the diesel generator or
battery storage system is used to supply the deficit power

 In DO mode, only the diesel generator operates, possibly with an ESS , to supply the energy requirement of the
loads.

 The hybrid RAPS system consists of a PMSG, a diesel generator system, a battery storage system, a dump load
and the main loads as shown in the figure
WIND-DOMINATED HYBRID RAPS
SYSTEM
HYBRID RAPS SYSTEM

 The performance in the entire RAPS system term is investigated in relation to its voltage and frequency
regulation capability while extracting the maximum amount of power from the wind, ensuring its optimal
operation

 The control co-ordination methodology is established by means of the individual control strategies that have
been developed for RAPS system components

 A linearized model of the RAPS system is also undertaken to compare the results obtained using the detailed
model

 Within the limited scope of the laboratory environment, experiments have been conducted to verify the
performance of the proposed control strategies
REACTIVE AND ACTIVE POWER CO-
ORDINATION

 It is to be noted that the reactive power provision through the line-side converter(LSC) is limited by the inverter
rating

 An unco-ordinated reactive power control approach is employed to satisfy the reactive power demand of the
system

 In this regard, the reactive power sharing is made between the diesel generator and the LSC

 The LSC and the exciter of the diesel generating system participate in balancing the reactive power of the RAPS
system

 As an example, during High wind penetration periods, the supplement of active power through the LSC is
dominant compared with its reactive power counterpart
REACTIVE AND ACTIVE POWER CO-
ORDINATION

 Under such conditions, the reactive power provision through the diesel generator becomes high

 A schematic of the control coordination logic associated with the decision making process of active power
sharing among the different system components covering three different situations

 The power sharing among the system components is explained in three situations :
• Over-Generation

• Under-Generation

• Emergency conditions, where the WTG shuts down its operation

 In the overgeneration, the power output of PMSG is greater than the load power demand and the battery needs to
absorb the additional power
REACTIVE AND ACTIVE POWER CO-
ORDINATION

 In the Under-Generation situation, where the power output of the PMSG is less than the load demand, two
options are available
 Operate the battery storage system or

 Operate the diesel generating system

 During an emergency situation, the wind generator does not supply any power to the loads. In such a situation,
the diesel generator and the battery storage system are the only available resources that will generate that
required power
DUMP LOAD AND ITS CONTROLLER

 A dump load is incorporated into the dc link o f the system

 It participates in regulating the dc link voltage in situations where the battery storage system is not able to
migrate the problem of higher dc link voltages because it may have reached its maximum storage capacity

 In a practical RAPS system, a dump load can be a system that is able to utilize the additional energy, for
example, a space or water heating or ice making system

 Here, a dc resistor is selected as the dump load and is connected via a switch

 It is assumed that if the dc link voltage exceeds the rated voltage, then dump load operation is enabled
BATTERY STORAGE AND ITS
CONTROLLER

 The battery storage is used to control the dc link voltage of the wind energy conversion system

 In this regard, a bi-directional buck-booster converter is used to interface the battery storage system into the dc
bus

 The power generated by the wind generator passes through the dc bus and if any power imbalance occurs, this
would appear as a variation in the dc bus voltage

 Therefore, to develop a controller for the battery storage system, the dc link voltage is taken as the input signal
of the controller
• The relationship that exists between the system power balance and the dc link voltage can be expressed using
formula :
BATTERY STORAGE AND ITS
CONTROLLER

 The control scheme associated with the bi-directional buck-boost converter is shown here

The proposed control strategy of the battery

storage system

 The proposed control strategy consists of two control stages, where the outer loop controls the dc link voltage
and the inner loop controls the battery storage current
PARAMETERS

THE PARAMETERS OF THE PMSG USED IN THE DETAILED MODEL

Rated power output 100KW

Stator Resistance 0.0275 Ω
Stator inductance 4e-3 H
Flux Linkage 1.12 Vs
Torque Constant 9 nm/A
Voltage Constant 535.45
Inertia(J) 0.3 J.kg²
Number of pole pairs (P) 4
PARAMETERS

THE PARAMETERS OF THE PMSG-BASED RAPS USED IN THE DETAILED MODEL

Rating of WTG 100kW

Rating of Diesel Generator 100kW
Rating of battery storage system 120kWh
Allowable state of charge(soc) of the 40-80%
battery system

Rated dc link voltage of back-to-back 750 v

convertor

Rated load-side voltage 400 v

Operating Frequency 50 Hz
LINEARIZED MODEL

 In this linearized model, the cut-in wind speed, rated wind speed, and cut-out speed of the wind turbine are
selected as 7, 11, 20 m/s respectively

 In addition, it is assumed that the battery storage and diesel generator will be able to serve 30% and 70% of the
rated load respectively (gamma=0.3)

 During t=0 to 75s, the wind velocity is set at almost 15m/s, and the corresponding power output from the wind
generator is 0.8 pu. The system load demand is set initially at 0.7pu.

 The excess power provided is 0.1pu. Is absorbed by the battery storage

 The wind velocity drops to nearly 10m/s at t=75s, causing a reduction in the wind power output to 0.55pu. The
corresponding power imbalance of 0.15pu. which also satisfies the minimum loading requirement of the
LINEARIZED MODEL

diesel generating system, is then served by the diesel generator while keeping the battery storage at idling mode

 After t=150s, the load demand is increased to 0.9pu., causing the diesel generator to increase its power output to
0.35pu.

 At t=250s, the wind velocity is reduced to 5m/s, which is below the cut-in speed and hence the wind power
output is zero

 However, the maximum rating of the diesel generator is set to 0.7pu., and the load demand is shared between the
battery storage and the diesel generator. It can be seen that the diesel power output reaches its maximum capacity
of 0.7pu., while the remaining load demand is supplied through the battery storage until the time t=300s. After
t=300s, the load demand is reduced to 0.4pu.
LINEARIZED MODEL

The power sharing of the linearized

model of the WD-battery RAPS
system under variable wind and
load conditions :
a. Wind speed
b. Wind power
c. Diesel power
d. Battery power
e. Load demand
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

 The experimental verification has been carried out within the limited scope of a laboratory environment

 The test bed consists of a WTG and a battery storage system

 In this regard, the PMSG has been coupled with the induction motor on a platform with a torque sensor placed
between two machines

 A connection between a micromaster unit and an induction motor in torque mode. The micromaster is operated by
providing a varying torque to the PMSG to stimulate the changing wind speeds

 The wind power is always capable of handling the excess power generated by the wind

 A photo of the laboratory test bed is shown in figure (A) and the ratings of the equipment are listed in table (B)
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

(A) (B)
CONCLUSIONS

 A novel control strategy has been presented in this article for a wind-dominated RAPS system

 The control schemes for a wind energy system, a diesel generating system, battery storage and dump load have
been developed and implemented

 The individual control schemes are coordinated through the proposed control coordination approach to maintain the
system’s active and reactive power balance during over-generation, under-generation and emergency situations

 The system performance has been investigated in relation to the bandwidth of the voltage regulation capability
under variable load and wind conditions

 The frequency regulation has been investigated using the linearized and detailed models
CONCLUSIONS

 Both models exhibited similar behaviour in relation to their active power sharing and frequency of the system

 It is shown that the proposed control strategies are capable of regulating both the voltage and the frequency within
the acceptable limits throughout the systems’ operation while extracting the maximum amount of power from the
wind, thus ensuring optimal opration

 The detailed simulation model is verified using the linearized model as well as experimental tests within the limited
scope of a laboratory environment