Topic

Behaviorial Approach
(B.F Skinner)
 Group Members

•Noor Saleem L1SF19BSSY0129

•Syed Tayyab L1S20BSSY0061

•Iftikhar Ahmed L1S20BSSY0018

•Mudassir Khan L1S20BSSY0037

•Malaika Naseer L1F19BSSY0058

1. The Life of B.F Skinner (Noor Saleem)
 Life Of Skinner

• Born 1904–1990
• 1st born with 3 brothers
• 1 died at age of 16
• Parents role
• Hardworking parents
• Mother was strict on rules
• Father gave him moral education by teaching him about fate.
• Grandmother told him about hell by pointing out the red hot coal in the parlor
stove.
• His view about human’s is that they have Complex system.
• People work as machines and can predict what will happen next
• He was interested in animal behavior.
 https://youtu.be/vGazyH6fQQ4
 Life Of Skinner Cont.

• He did major in English from Hamilton college and want to become

novelist, encouraged by Robert frost on his work.
• He tried so many things to write but nothing inspired him.
• He face identity crisis at age of 22.
• Dark year’’ cause of loss of self worth.
• He couldn’t make love relationship at that age
• Ivan Pavlov and John B Watson inspire him to choose to become
Behaviorist
• Turn to Harvard and get degree of PHD in Psychology
• After graduation he taught in Minnesota and Indiana university and
then returned to Harvard.
• Goal of BF skinner was to get known more then Freud.
2. Rats, Pigeon and an Empty Organism
(Syed Tayyab)
 1. Empty Organism

 Empty organism he meant that there is nothing inside us that

can be summoned to explain behavior in scientific term.

 The inside of organism is irrelevant either as the site of

physiological processes or as the locus of mentalistic
activities.

 Basically he tried to emphasize nurture over the nature.

 2. Behavioral Approach (Rat & Pigeons)

 Human Behavior is more complex then animals but the

fundamental process are similar and as a science must proceed
from simple to complex, more elemental processes could be
studied.
 That’s why he conducted experiments on rats and pigeons.
 His work has wide applications like therapeutic techniques are
used to treat psychoses, mental retardation and autism and
behavioral modification techniques are used in institution like
business, schools and hospitals.
3. The Basis of Behaviour (Iftikhar Ahmed)
 Basis of Behavior

 Behaviour can be controlled by it’s consequences. Skinner believed that an animal

or a human could be trained to perform virtually any act and that the type of
reinforcement that followed the behaviour would be responsible for determining it.

Responded Behaviour
 Skinner distinguish between two types of behaviour respondent behaviour and operant
behaviour.
 Knee jerk is an example of respondent behaviour.
 It is unlearned. We do not have to be trained for the appropriate behaviour.
 Pavlov work on classic conditioning experiment. Naturally dog salivate only response to the
food.
 He sounded a bell shortly before feeding a dog.
 Basis of Behavior Cont.

 After sometimes dog start salivate on the sound of bell .

 Actually Pavlov want to demonstrate the importance of reinforcement. ( A process
of encouraging or establishing a belief or a pattern of behaviour )
 The act of reinforcement a response straightness it.
 An established conditioning response will not be maintained in the absence of
reinforcement.
 After some days only rings the bell but no more food, no more reinforcement or
reward .
 The dog response decrease in intensity until no response occur at all . This is
known as extinction ( The process of eliminating a behaviour by withholding the
reinforcement.
4. Operant Behaviour (Mudassir Khan)
 Operant Behavior

• Operant Behavior is the behavior that depends on

enforcement and is related to directly a physical stimulus.
• Every response is emitted by the specific stimulus.
• Skinner emphasized operant behavior over responded
behavior.
• It is learned, we have to be trained through reinforcement,
punishment, to emit that specific behaviour.
 Operant Behavior Cont.

• It involves acting in a way that appears to be voluntary

rather than reacting involuntary to a stimulus to which we
have been conditioned.
• In Pavlov dog experiment, the reinforcement was
necessary to bring out that specific stimulus.
• It can be modified or determined by the reinforcement
that follows the behavior while respondent can’t be
modified.
• It operates on environment and as a result changes it.
5. Operant Conditioning (Malaika Naseer)
 Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a learning process whereby deliberate behaviors

are reinforced through consequences.

Positive Punishment doing something unpleasant

to discourage bad behavior.

Negative punishment taking away

something to discourage undesired
behavior.
 Operant Conditioning Cont.

Positive Reinforcement

Giving Reward To Encourage Good Behavior.

Removing
negative
outcome to
Negative Reinforcement encourage
good
behavior
Operant Conditioning Cont.

As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that it was not really

necessary to look at internal thoughts and motivations in
order to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we
should look only at the external, observable causes of
human behavior.

A Skinner box is an enclosed

apparatus that contains a bar or
key that an animal subject can
manipulate in order to obtain
reinforcement.
Thank you!