STORAGES AND

CUSTODY TRANSFER OIL

Luisa Fernanda Murillo Cortes - 2164253
 Contents
Introduction

Storages Tanks

Custody Transfer Oil

Well Testing System

Fire Control System

Conclusions

References
 STORAGES TANK

. Reid Vapor
Tank
Pressure

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Atmospheric < 15 RVP

Pressurized > 15 RVP

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 VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL TANK WITH CYLINDRICAL TANK WITH CONCAVE
FIXED ROOF BOTTOM AND TOP

 The roof had a conic shape and fixed. They are generally used to store products with a
 These tanks must be equipped with pressure relatively high vapor pressure, with a great
and vacuum valves. tendency to emit vapors at environment
temperature.
 For medium and large volume tanks, the roof
must be supported on columns that make it
difficult to install a floating membrane

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CYLINDRICAL TANKS WITH FLOATING CYLINDRICAL TANKS WITH FLOATING
ROOF MEMBRANE

the floating roof above the surface of the It is used for light products, with the
product, eliminates space for gas purpose of eliminating the formation of
formation. Floating roofs are currently the gases that produce losses by evaporation.
most effective for ordinary service since
evaporation losses are reduced. However,
they have limited use since the gasket of
the ceiling has an operating pressure
limit.

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 VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL SHELF WITH
SPHERICAL TANKS
GEODESIC ROOF
Used in products with vapor pressures This type of tank has a membrane that is
between 25 to 100 psi. placed over the fluid and moves with it,
reducing evaporation losses.

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Custody transfer
Oil
 Cinta de medicion
Used to measure the height of liquids (Hydrocarbon
and free water) in a tank, this height is compared with
data recorded in a table of capacity. From this height
a total observed Volume contained in the tank.

Some characteristic:
• usually stainless steel or chrome and silver
• Its measurement scale must be in meters,
centimeters and millimeters.
• Ground pole to avoid sparking due to static.
Plumb
BACKGROUND MEASUREMENT
It consists of measuring the distance from
the measurement at the bottom of the tank
to the free height of the liquid, where the
mark on the measuring tape thus obtaining
the height of the liquid directly.
The bottom plumb line is used in this type of
measurement, the measurement is taken
from the bottom up, where zero is the tip of
the plumb bob.

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 The vacuum tape is used, where the zero is
in the hook of union of the tape and the
VACUUM MEASUREMENT plumb line. The scale for the tape starts in
shape up from the reference zero and for
the vertical distance from the liquid plumb down from the same point, the
surface to the reference mark is plumb line should be rectangular in shape.
measured.

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 To detect the level of free water, the water stopping ointment should be applied
in equal layers without covering the graduation of the numbers on the scale.

The tape is lowered until the plumb bob hits the bottom and
left for a while until the mark is made.

For heavy hydrocarbons 1 to 5 minutes is recommended.

The reference height observed on the tape should be read; if

the observed height is equal to or has a difference of +/- 3mm,
with respect to the register value, the lift the tape slowly and
record the cut of the liquid on the tape.

The procedure must be repeated three times

obtaining the same value.

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 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Electronic thermometers can be used for temperature determination (PET),

with low uncertainty and / or glass mercury thermometers (With uncertainty
greater than electronic).
QUALITY SPECIFICATION
MEASUREMENT
To take samples they must be representative and homogeneous. some requirements must be met
such as:
• For the determination of the API, the ASTM D-1298 standard should be used by the method
hydrometer.
• For the determination of the water content, the ASTM D-4377 standard should be used(Karl Fisher method).

• For the determination of Sediment, the ASTM D-473 standard should be used(Extraction Method).
 AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT
(TELEMETRY)

Level measurement with float Level measurement with displacer

Hybrid Measurement (radar

and pressure measurer)
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT
(TELEMETRY)

Level measurement with magneto

Radar Measurement strictive elements
Measurement with Ultrasonic device
 LEVEL MEASUREMENT WITH FLOAT
It is the oldest model and the most used in large capacity tanks such as those of oil and gasoline. It
has the disadvantage that the moving parts are exposed to the fluid and can break, the float must
be kept clean.
Flotation instruments are 0.5% accurate, suitable for
tanks open or closed under pressure or vacuum, and
are independent of the specific gravity of the liquid.

If the liquid has paraffin crystals,

this can adhere to the float and
the guide tubes are very long and
can be damaged by strong waves.

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Radar Measurement
Short pulses of electromagnetic energy are transmitted through the antenna against the surface
of the liquid to be measured and these are reflected in the form of an echo. The time of reflected
radar signal transit is measured with great accuracy using the techniques echo processing, and
the liquid level is expressed in millimeters.

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Level measurement with displacer
It works based on a "displacer" hung
from a servo-operated winding drum,
the which is linked to the scale. Allows
measurement of the water interface
level without require optional items.

By means of the upper reference position it

is automatically calibrated without opening
the instrument.

 Elevated tanks.
 underground tanks.
 pressurized tanks.
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HYBRID MEASUREMENT (RADAR O
SERVO AND PRESSURE MEASURER)
The servo o radar is used to determine the level of the
liquids inside the tank and from the pressure indicator
transmitter deduces the density of the fluid contained
in the tank. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒=𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
 

  𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

  𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠= 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗
𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

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LEVEL MEASUREMENT WITH
MAGNETO STRICTIVE ELEMENTS
The magneto strictive level probe is a device that records interface
levels containing a hydrocarbon storage tank, this probe has a few
capacity points that are defined in a program.

• Monthly verifications should be made of the levels reported by

telemetry and the reported by manual tape measurement.
.

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 DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT
It is used to certify the volumes of product that is
received or is delivered in custody either to be
processed or transported, using meters installed online.

VOLUMETRIC MASS

• Directors • Coriolis
• Indirectors • Thermal

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 VOLUMETRIC METERS
DIRECT VOLUMETRIC METERS

Positive Displacement
the casing is made to precision and contains
a rotor that rotates on ball bearings, and
includes blades evenly distributed. As the
liquid flows through the meter, the rotor and
the paddles rotate around a fixed axis,
causing them to move outward.

The successive movement of the plants makes

the volume measurement accurate between the
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The flow passes undisturbed during the measurement.

Parts
Internal Unit of Measurement Gear train

Works as a motor hydraulic, which absorbs the • Gear.

energy that originates the flow, to produce the • Main shaft and packing unit.
torque necessary to overcome internal friction,
and operates the counter and other accessories • Caliper.
that require strength.

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Protection Devices and Accessories

• Deaerators
separates and sends the vapors or gases
contained in the stream into the atmosphere,
preventing them from reaching the meter.

• Flow Control Valves

• Filters
Prevents solid elements from reaching the
meter.
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INDIRECT VOLUMETRIC METERS
Deduce the flow rate by measuring
some dynamic property. Pressure
Turbines
differential

Ultrasonic vortex
Vortex

Magnetic Rotameter
 TURBINES
Determines the angular rotation of the rotor, translates them
into linear velocity and with this information is deduced from
the volume of liquid that has passed through the meter,
through of its cross-sectional area.

The rotational speed of the rotor is related to the speed of the

liquid
Vr = K * Vf

The velocity of the liquid is related to the volumetric flow

Q=V*A

The minimum back pressure to avoid cavitation is defined by

the following equation:
Pb = 2 *DP + 1.25* Pv
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Pb = Minimum pressure in the meter.
DP = Pressure Drop Across Gauge (psig).
Pv = Vapor pressure of the liquid (psi).
 Advantage Disadvantage

Application to a wide range of T and P. Susceptible to damage by sudden flows.

Small size and light weight.

Difficulty measuring viscous fluids

Accuracy.

Wide flow range for low viscosity liquids. Support pressure is needed to avoid cavitation.
 𝑃𝑏=2∗ 𝐷𝑃+1,25 ∗ 𝑃𝑣
 
±0,1 to 0,25
Linearity Pb=Minimum pressure in the meter
Cavitation
DP= Pressure drop in the meter
Pv= Vapor pressure

Repeatability

Deposits
± 0,02% to 0,05%
Rotor rotation

Liquid viscosity Angle of the flap

Bearing friction
 ULTRASONIC METERS

Ultrasonic measurement equipment is based on the time it

takes for an ultrasonic signal in traveling from one transducer
to another, a known distance.

Transit time meters use a pair of translators who send and

receive alternately encoded ultrasonic signals through the fluid.
When the signal sound goes in the same direction of flow, the
transit time is less than when it goes in the opposite direction.
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The meter has the ability to measure this small time difference
which is proportional to the flow rate, it is suitable for
measuring clean liquids or solids and gas bubbles.

 𝑳= ( 𝑫 +𝟐 ∗ 𝑾 𝒕 ) + 𝟐∗ 𝑪𝒍 − 𝑭
𝑪𝑶𝑺 ∅
( 𝒅)

D= internal diameter of the pipe

Wt= Pipe thickness
Ø= inclination of the signals
Cl= installed length of coupling
Fd= depth of the face translator

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 ORIFICE PLATE TYPE FLOW METERS
On lines with diameters two (2) inches (5 cm) and larger, the
concentric hole is the most common restriction for low velocity
liquids, gases and vapor flows.

It is believed that by installing a constraint of known size and

knowing the differential pressure between the upstream and
downstream planes, it is measured the flow rate correctly. This
is a fairly common mistake because it is considered that the
flowmeter is only the orifice plate.

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 A gas flow measurement system with differential pressure
gauges is
integrated to:
• Primary element
• Orifice plate.
• Measuring train piping.
• Secondary Elements
• Differential pressure meter
• Static pressure gauge
• Temperature meter
• Flow computer (optional)

About 80% of natural gas flow measurements are made using

metering systems that use orifice plates as primary
measurement elements.

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MASS METERS
Measure the rat of mass flow and density.

The flow that passes through specially designed tubes generates a force, equal but of
opposite sense in each half, making them vibrate, and whose magnitude is proportional
to the mass flow rate. This force and vibrations are detected by sensors and converted to
mass flow rate by means of a transmitter.

Fc = 2m x w

Fc = strength of coriolis
m =mass flow
w =angular velocity of pipe

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 Advantages
• Its accuracy is + 0.10% in flow
measurement.
• + 0.005% repeatability.
• Rangeability from 20: 1 to 80: 1
• No moving parts prone to wear.
• Low maintenance
Disadvantages
• significant changes in density affect
accuracy.
• Variations in the flow rate affect the
density measurement.
• Changes in fluid temperature affect the
elasticity of the tubes.
• Changes in pressure affect the vibration
characteristics of the tubes.
• Currents in multiple phases (liquid /
gas / solids) affect the measurement.
• Cavitation occurs, due to low back
pressure downstream.
Comparison of Accepted Meters for Custody Transfer
 References
• Ecopetrol.(2007).Manual de medición de hidrocarburos, Capítulo 3, medición estática (versión
01). Recuperado de Anexo+No+5+ECP-VSM-M-001-03+Medición+Estática (2).pdf
• Ecopetrol.(2008). Manual de medición de hidrocarburos, Capítulo 3, medición dinámica
(versión 01). Recuperado de Anexo+No+6+ECP-VSM-M-001-05+Medición+Dinámica.pdf