Module 2 – Piping System

Dr Machodi Mathaba

27 July 2023
 COURSE OUTLINE

 Process Instrumentation

 Piping System

 Process Equipment

 Mineral Processing

 Safety, Health and Environmental Hazards in Process Industry

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 Piping System

 Pumps

 Valves

 Pipes

 Compressors

 Turbines

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Pipe

A pipe is a tube used to transport fluids such as water, slurry,

gas and oil.

 There are different types of pipes which includes copper pipes,

galvanized steel, polyvinyl chloride pipes or PVC, etc

 Fluid can be compressible or incompressible

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 Types and Materials

Cast Iron Pipe Plastic pipes:

Brass Pipe Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Steel pipe: Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Black steel Reinforced Polymer Mortar (RPMP)
Carbon steel Polypropylene (PP)
Stainless steel Polyethylene (PE)
Galvanized steel Cross-linked High-Density Polyethylene (PEX)
Polybutylene (PB)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS)

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Steel Pipes
• Two types most commonly used in residential plumbing are
galvanized and black steel.
• Galvanizing is a process that coats steel pipe to minimize
corrosion, so it can be used to distribute potable water.
• Black pipe has no coating inside and a black finish outside
• Used for water and flammable gases (natural gas) and high heat
resistance.
• Many gas codes still allow galvanized steel pipe to be installed for
gas systems.

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Fluids

Opposite to Solids: Important Properties:

Liquids Density
Slurry Viscosity
Gas

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 Density

Shear Stress

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Shear Stress and Strain

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 Viscosity

y2 u2 

y1
Nm-2
u1 

Fluid, moving from L to R 

Solid Surface
Viscosity

• Dynamic Viscosity:

• Kinematics Viscosity:

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Incompressible
Fluids

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1 Atmosphere 2 Atmospheres

Incompressible
fluid (1kg)

Compressible
fluid (1kg)

Note: Density is constant for an

incompressible fluid 14
 Types of Flow

Laminar / Streamline

Turbulent

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Reynold's Number (for Newtonian Fluids)

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 Steady Flow:

Flow in = Flow out (SS)

G1 = G2 ; kgs-1
Q1 = Q2 (Incompressible) ; m3s-1

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Properties of Liquid Water

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Bernoulli’s Equation

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Heat

Heat energy (q)

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Potential Energy

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Kinetic Energy

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 Pressure Energy
𝐸 = 𝑃 .𝑉
1kg
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
P (Pressure)

𝑚
𝑉 =
𝜌

𝑚
𝐸=𝑃 .
1kg 𝜌

L (Distance)
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Total Energy of 1kg of Moving Fluid

• Total Energy = U + PE + KE + PrE

= U + z.g + u2/2 + P/ρ

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• Consider one unit (1kg) of mass moving from point 1 to point 2.

• At some point between 1 and 2, W1 of work is performed on the unit

mass (e.g. pump).
• W2 work is performed by the unit mass (e.g. frictional losses due to
pipe walls).

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Energy at 2 = Energy at 1 + W1 - W2
E2 = E1 + W1 - W2

E2 - E1 = W1 - W2

Assume T = constant: U2 – U1 = 0

If the fluid is incompressible, the density will also be constant.

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BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:

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BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:

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EXAMPLE

Water flows through a 2.5-cm ID pipe at 115 L/min and 0.15-bar pressure. It vents vertically above 1.0 m
pipe. How high will the water shoot from the vent. Assume no frictional losses.

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