Westward Expansion: Economic

Development
&
Westward Expansion:
Social and Cultural
Development
Unit 6
Topics 6.2-6.3

AP U.S. History
 Think About It

► Evaluate the impact of federal legislation on

Western development. Consider the
perspectives of Natives and American
settlers.
 Homestead Act of 1862
► Parameters
 160-acre plots for minimum of 5 years
 File application, improve the land, file for
deed ($18)
► Demographics
 Eastern families
 Exodusters
 Old Immigrants
 Morrill Land Grants
► Purpose
 “to teach such branches
of learning as are related
to agriculture and the
mechanic arts, in such
manner as the
legislatures of the States
may respectively
prescribe, in order to
promote the liberal and
practical education of the
industrial classes in the
several pursuits and
professions in life.”
► Parameters
 30,000 acres of federal
land
► Colleges
 University of Florida
 Florida A&M
 MIT
 Cornell
Railroads/Transcontinental Railroad
► Pacific Railway Acts
 Government bonds and
land grants
 Railroads received 175
million acres of land
 Standard gauge (4’ 8.5”)
► First Transcontinental
Railroad
 Central Pacific and Union
Pacific
 Promontory Point (1869)
► Impact
 Communication
 Settlement and Expansion
► 35,000 miles (1865)
► 193,000 miles (1900)
 Commerce
► Innovations
 Standardized gauges
 Time zones
 Settling the West:
Cattle Frontier and Mining Frontier
 Settling the West:
Farming Frontier & Farmers Organize
► Western Society
 Mostly families settled in Frontier
 Promotion of gender equality
► The Risk of the American Frontie
r
► Innovation
 Barbed wire
 Dry farming

► National Grange of the Patrons

of Husbandry (Grangers) (1867)
 Oliver Kelley
 Created to defend members against
trusts, middlemen, and railroads.
 Cooperatives – businesses
owned and run by the farmers
and their families to save the
costs charged by middlemen
 Settling the West:
Farming Frontier & Farmers Organize
► More commercialized & specialized
 Cash crops like corn or wheat
 National & international markets
 Large farms outran the small farms
► Falling Prices
 Increased production drove prices down
 Deflation
 When prices fell, farmers lost out on
profits
► Mortgages w/ high interest rates
► Grow more to pay off old debts

► Rising Costs
 Railroads charged high rates for shipment
and storage of grain
 Taxes on property and land but not on
stocks and bonds
 Tariffs protecting American industry but
not farmers
 Settling the West:
Farming Frontier & Farmers Organize
► Farmers’ Alliances
 State & regional groups
 Taught scientific farming methods
 Goal of economic & political cation
 1 million joined by 1890 (white & black)
► Ocala Platform
 Called for significant reforms
► direct election of Senators
► Lower tariff rates
► Graduated income tax
► New banking system regulated by the fed government
 Use of silver to increase money supply to create inflation
 Eventually leads to the creation of the Populist Party
 The Frontier and Natives
► Plains Natives Lifestyle
 Buffalo hunt
► White hunters decimated buffalo herds f
or fur, sport, pests
► Reservations
 Concentrations of tribes through
separate treaties
 Tribal chiefs selected by white officials
► Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889)
 Sooners and Boomers
 Progress Check Quiz

► Pg 355 # 1-3
 Americanization of Natives
► A Century of Dishonor (1881)
 Helen Hunt Jackson
 “It makes little difference...where one
opens the record of the history of the
Indians; every page and every year has
its dark stain. The story of one tribe is
the story of all, varied only by
differences of time and place....Colorado
is as greedy and unjust in 1880 as was
Georgia in 1830, and Ohio in 1795, and
the United States government breaks
promises now as deftly as then, and
with the added ingenuity from long
practice....”
► Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
 160-acre plots of land from tribal territory
 Designed to encourage farming among
natives
 Later sold to White settlers
► Assimilation
► Ghost Dance Movement
 Wovoka
 Indian Wars
► Native American Leaders and Warriors
 Cochise and Geronimo (Apache)
 Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull (Lakota)
 Chief Joseph (Nez Perce)
► Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
► Little Big Horn (1876) - Canada
 “Custer’s Last Stand”
 Natives forced to comply with government terms
► Wounded Knee (1890) – end of Indian wars

10th Calvary – “Buffalo Soldiers”

 Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)
► Frontier is “the meeting point between
savagery and civilization.”
 "begins with the Indian and the hunter; it goes on
with the disintegration of savagery by the entrance
of the trader... the pastoral stage in ranch life; the
exploitation of the soil by the raising of unrotated
crops of corn and wheat in sparsely settled farm
communities; the intensive culture of the denser
farm settlement; and finally the manufacturing
organization with the city and the factory system.”
► The frontier defined the American identity
 "that coarseness and strength combined with
acuteness and acquisitiveness; that practical
inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients;
that masterful grasp of material things... that
restless, nervous energy; that dominant
individualism"
► U.S. Census of 1890 claims American frontier
is closed
 "And now, four centuries from the discovery of
America, at the end of a hundred years of life under
the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its
going has closed the first period of American
history.”
American Progress, John Gast, 1872
 ”Meeting of Frontiers”
► How Have American Historians Viewed th
e Frontier?
 Progress Check Quiz

► Pg 363 # 1 & 2 ► Homework: pg 364

#1

► TRY IT with 13
minutes on the
timer
SAQ Practice
A. Marshall argues Indian Wars were
caused by nomadic tribes who would
not give up their lifestyle as the
western region was becoming settled
and civilized. Cozzens viewed the
conflicts as natural result of the
emigration of various peoples
including Indians, Americans,
Europeans, and others.
B. Support could include the attacks of
warrior nomadic tribes such as the
Sioux, Cheyenne on settlers and army
units. The decentralized organizations
of these nomadic tribes also made it
difficult to negotiate treaties to
establish rule of law on the Great
Plains. The perspective of
assimilationists also supports this
interpretation that conflict could be
avoided only if the nomadic people
would settle down as farmers.
SAQ Practice
C. The analysis of the movements of
peoples from around the world to this
area before and after 1865, including the
migration of different Native American
tribes and cultures. The conflicts included
Hispanic peoples (Mexican War), Mexican
Americans (property rights), and Chinese
immigrants (Exclusion Act), along with
various European immigrant groups
(cattlemen, miners, homesteaders,
railroads). It can also be argued the
government was not ready to manage
the conflicts among these emigrating
peoples.
The New South
Unit 6
Topic 6.4

AP U.S. History
 Think About It
► To
what extent did Reconstruction
maintain continuity and foster change in
American politics and society?
 The “New South”
► Henry W. Grady
 "There was a South of slavery and
secession - that South is dead. There
is now a South of union and freedom-
that South, thank God, is living,
breathing, and growing every hour,”
(1886)
 "the supremacy of the white race of the
South must be maintained forever, and
the domination of the negro race
resisted at all points and at all hazards,
because the white race is the superior
race... [This declaration] shall run
forever with the blood that feeds Anglo-
Saxon hearts.” (1888)
► Public School Systems
► Establishment of public hospitals,
asylums, orphanages, prisons
► Agriculture
 Cotton, tobacco, rice
► Industry and Urbanization
 Dependent on Northern investment
 Increased network of standardized rail
lines
 Coal mining
 Slavery By Another Name
► Peonage
 Employees had little to no
influence on the labor
conditions
► Convict Leasing
 Prison labor provided to private
contractors, such as plantation
owners
► Crop-lien system
 Farmers provided merchants
with a crop lien in exchange for
seeds, tools, food
► Sharecropping
 a system where the
landlord/planter allows a tenant
to use the land in exchange for
a share of the crop.
 50% of white Southern farmers
 75% of black Southern farmers
 Sharecropping

► 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers

 “Election” of 1876
► Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
► Samuel Tilden (D)
► Disputed election returns in
Louisiana, South Carolina,
and Florida
► Vice President/President of
the Senate (R) and a
Democrat-controlled House
disputed final electoral vote
count
► Electoral Commission
 15 member commission to
determine President
 Senate chose 3 Republicans
and 2 Democrats
 House chose 3 Democrats
and 2 Republicans
 U.S. Supreme Court chose 2
Democrat-leaning justices
and 2 Republican-leaning
justices
 Justice David Davis was very
independent, but Illinois state
legislature elected him
Senator
► Electoral Commission voted
8-7 in favor of Hayes
 Compromise of 1877
►Hayes will become
president, if…
 Remove federal
troops from the
South
 Help develop
infrastructure in
South, ex.
Railroads
 Appoint Southerner
to Cabinet
 Limited
enforcement of
racial equality
 Southern Redemption
► Amnesty Act of 1872
 Removed voter restrictions for
former Confederates
 Except Confederate government
officials and high-ranking officers
► Redeemer Democrats
 Reestablish home rule
 The “Solid South”
► Southern Democrat State Control
 1869: Tennessee
 1870: Virginia, North Carolina
 1871: Georgia
 1873: Texas
 1874: Alabama, Arkansas
 1876: Mississippi
 1877: Florida, Louisiana, South
Carolina
 Segregation
► Fourteenth Amendment
► Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Equal treatment in public
accommodations, public
transportation, prohibit exclusion
from jury service
 Overturned by U.S. Supreme
Court in Civil Rights Cases
(1883) as Congress cannot
regulate private individuals and
businesses
► Jim Crow Laws
 Public services and facilities
segregated
 Separate hotels, rail cars, parts
of theaters, schools, libraries,
parks
► Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
 “separate but equal”
 Disenfranchisement
► Fifteenth Amendment
► Disenfranchisement
Laws
 Grandfather clauses
 Poll taxes
 Literacy tests
 White primaries
Booker T. Washington
vs. W.E.B. Du Bois
 Booker T. Washington
► Bio:
 Born in the Virginia
(South) to a white father
and a slave mother
 Founded Tuskegee
University in Alabama
 Many presidents sought
his counsel on racial
issues in America
►First African-American ever
invited to the White House
(1901)
 W.E.B. Du Bois
► Bio
 Born in Massachusetts
(North)
 First African American to
receive a Masters Degree
and Ph.D. from Harvard
University
 Helped form the National
Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP)
 Booker T. Washington
► Views
 Equality for blacks will take a long time
 The best way to gain equality is through economic
success
► Money = Social and Political Influence
► Learn a trade to earn money

 Until then
► Live in harmony and appease whites
 Accept segregation
 Don’t fight too hard
► Confrontation would be disastrous for blacks
Booker T. Who is this
white man?
 W.E.B. Du Bois
► Views
 Wanted equality immediately
►Urged blacks to end segregation through protest
 Did not believe racial harmony was possible as
blacks were being lynched and their political
rights denied
 Challenge and question whites on all grounds
 Forget trade/skill education!
►Blacks deserve the same high level and liberal arts
education as whites
 W.E.B. Du Bois
► The Talented Tenth
 A collection of essays
in which Du Bois
states
► One in ten black men would
rise as leaders of the race
 They would help reduce
crime in the black
community "The Negro race, like all races, is going to be
saved by its exceptional men. The problem
of education, then, among Negroes must
first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is
the problem of developing the Best of this
race that they may guide the Mass away
from the contamination and death of the
Worst.”
Technological Innovation
&
The Rise of Industrial
Capitalism
Unit 6
Topics 6.5-6.6

AP U.S. History
Gilded Age music accompaniment
 Think About It

► Evaluate the extent of causes of

acquisition of power and wealth of
Gilded Age capitalists.
 Gilded Age Innovation
► Sewing Machine (1855) ► Universal stock ticker (1885)
 Isaac Singer  Thomas Edison
► Transatlantic cable (1866) ► Transformer (1885)
 Cyrus Field  Nikola Tesla
► Dynamite (1866)
► Gasoline automobile (1885)
 Alfred Nobel
 Karl F. Benz
► Typewriter (1867)
 Christopher Scholes ► Skyscraper (1885)
► Air brakes (1868)  William Le Baron Jenney
 George Westinghouse ► Film roll and Kodak camera (1889)
► Mail-order catalog (1872)  George Eastman*
 A.M. Ward ► Motion picture camera (1891)
► Blue jeans (1873)  Thomas Edison*
 Levi Strauss ► Radio (1895)
► Barbed wire (1873)  Guglielmo Marconi
 Joseph Glidden ► Subway (U.S.) (1895)
► Telephone (1876)
► X-ray (1895)
 Alexander Graham Bell*
 Wilhelm C. Rontgen
► Phonograph (1877)
 Thomas Edison ► Powered flight (1903)
► Incandescent Light bulb (1879)  George and Wilbur Wright
 Thomas Edison* ► Alkaline battery (1906)
► Cash register (1879)  Thomas Edison
 James Ritty ► Model T (1908)
 Henry Ford
Bessemer Process
► Oxidation of iron ore to
remove impurities
 Steel is lighter, stronger,
rust-resistant
► Carnegie and Steel
 Adopted and adapted
Bessemer Process to
steel plants
 Increased supply of
quality steel dropped
steel prices
 Abundance of steel
significantly impacted
American industrial
growth and expansion
Electricity
► Thomas Edison
 The Wizard of Menlo Park
 Incandescent light bulb
► Saferthan kerosene lamps
► New York City

 Direct current (DC)

► Edison developed system of power
stations
► Nicola Tesla
 Alternate current (AC)
► Transfer of electricity faster and
farther
Steel Skyscrapers

NYC 1850

NYC c. 1900
 Urban Infrastructure
► Infrastructure
 Grand Central
Station
 Brooklyn Bridge
► Urban Innovation
 Mass Transit
►Elevated rails
►Cable cars
►Subways

 Elevators
 Central steam-
heating systems
 Gilded Age Urbanization
► 20% of Americans lived in
cities by 1860
► 40% of Americans lived in
cities by 1900
Consumerism
► Wide variety of mass
produced goods led to
new marketing and
sales
► Brand names and logos
► Department stores
 R.H. Macy’s
► Chain stores
 Woolworth’s
► Grocery stores
► Mail order catalogs
 Montgomery Ward
 Sears, Roebuck, Co.
Monumental Innovation
► Charles Alderton
 Experimented with various syrups
and flavorings
► Robert Lazenby
 Developed Dr. Pepper by 1885
 Patented and incorporated by
1891
► St. Louis World’s Fair and
Exposition (1904)
 Introduces Dr. Pepper to the world
 Along with hot dogs, hamburgers,
and ice cream cones
 SAQ PRACTICE

► PG 374 - # 1
 6.6 - The Gilded Age
► “The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today was a
famous satirical novel by Mark Twain
set in the late 1800s, and the term
“Gilded Age” soon came to define the
tumultuous years between the Civil War
and the turn of the twentieth century.
During this era, America became more
prosperous and saw unprecedented
growth in industry and technology. But
the Gilded Age had a more sinister
side: It was a period where greedy,
corrupt industrialists, bankers and
politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth
and opulence at the expense of the
working class. In fact, it was wealthy
tycoons, not politicians, who
inconspicuously held the most political
power during the Gilded Age.”
Number of Patents Issued
 Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons?
► Usingfour business entrepreneurs as case
studies for American innovation, industrial
growth, and expansion of capitalism.

► Cornelius Vanderbilt
► Andrew Carnegie
► John D. Rockefeller
► J.P. Morgan
 American Fundamentals Fueling
the Gilded Age Economy
► Individualism
► Privateproperty
► Free enterprise
► Laissez-faire
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:
Cornelius Vanderbilt and Railroads
► Transportation
► Railroads
► Granger Movement
 Development and Impact of Railroads
► Development
 Pacific Railway Acts
► Transcontinental railroads
 Cornelius Vanderbilt and Leland Stanford
 Standardization and innovations
► Time zones
► Gauges and couplings
► Steel lines
► Air brakes – George Westinghouse
► Impact
 Created a truly national marketplace
► Connected local farmers to national
markets
► Western mines to Northeastern factories
 Transportation
► From New York to San Francisco took six
days instead of six months
► Time zones
 Financial system and businesses
► Massive need of financial capital
► Management and ownership
The Business of Railroads
► Consolidation and Monopolies
 Cornelius Vanderbilt
 Jay Gould
► Rebates
 Freight/shipping discounts given to
larger companies
► Pools
 Competing lines fixed prices and
divided business for max profits
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:
Andrew Carnegie and Steel
► Steel
► VerticalIntegration
► Urbanization and Cities
► Gospel of Wealth
► Labor Unions and
Strikes
 Vertical Integration/Monopoly
► Purchase and acquire all Coke fields
purchased by
aspects of production Carnegie

► Effects Iron ore

deposits
purchased
 Limited competition by
Carnegie

 Maximized profits Steel mills

purchased by
 Lowered costs Carnegie

Ships
purchased
by
Carnegie

Railroads

purchased
by
Carnegie
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:
John D. Rockefeller and Oil
► HorizontalIntegration
► Standard Oil
 Trusts and monopolies
► Sherman Anti-trust Act
(1890)
Horizontal Integration/Monopoly
 Business Control and Monopoly
► Trust
 A legal combination of
firms run by a board of
trustees
 Standard Oil Trust
► Holding Company
 A company formed to
purchase and own
controlling stock in
several companies
► Cartel
 An association of
manufacturers with the
purpose of maintaining
prices at a high level and
restricting competition
 Standard Oil Trust
► Established a 9-member
trust to avoid state
regulations
 Board of Trustees included
John D. Rockefeller and
Henry Flagler
► Tactics
 Lowered prices to drive
out competitors (rate wars)
 Threatened companies to
sell to Standard Oil
(buyouts)
 Bribed railroads to buy
Standard Oil fuel (rebates,
kickbacks)
 Bribed Congress members
 A Gilded Age Government
► Political situation during the
Gilded Age
 Both political parties shared little
differences
 Avoided taking strong positions
on growing issues (farmers,
labor)
 GOP dominated White House;
Congress relatively evenly split
► Pro-business policies
 Protective tariffs
 Hard money/gold standard
► Graft and corruption
 Political machines
 Senate as “rich man’s club”
 Scandals
► Black Friday (1869)
► Credit Mobilier (1869)
► Whiskey Ring (1875)
► Salary Swap (1873)
 Patronage
 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
► Provisions
 Section 1: Every contract,
combination in the form of trust or
otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint
of trade or commerce among the
several states, or with foreign
nations, is declared to be illegal.
 Section 2: Every person who shall
monopolize, or attempt to
monopolize, or combine or conspire
with any other person or persons, to
monopolize any part of the trade or
commerce among the several States,
or with foreign nations, shall be
deemed guilty of a felony…
► Effect
 Vague language made it difficult for
courts to interpret
 Rarely enforced against businesses
 Applied more toward labor unions
 Gilded Age U.S. Supreme Court
► Munn v. Illinois (1877)
 Business-Affected-with-a-
Public-Interest
► Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
 Interstate commerce exclusive
to Congress
► Santa Clara County v.
Southern Pacific Railroad
(1886)
 railroad corporations are
“persons” (corporate
personhood)
► United States v. E.C. Knight
Co. (1895)
 Manufacturing not subject to
interstate commerce regulation
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:
J.P. Morgan and Electricity
► Banking and Financing
► Corporations
► Science and Innovation
► Consumerism
 Scientific Management
“Taylorism”
► Standardization and production based on science, not rules of thumb
 “Now one of the very first requirements for a man who is fit to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is
that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox
than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited
to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work of this character. Therefore the workman who is
best suited to handling pig iron is unable to understand the real science of doing this class of work. He is
so stupid that the word "percentage" has no meaning to him, and he must consequently be trained by a
man more intelligent than himself into the habit of working in accordance with the laws of this science
before he can be successful.”
► Designed hierarchies and subdivisions of labor
 Managers plan, schedule, train, and supervise
 “Managers plan the work, workers work the plan.”
 Workers perform assigned tasks best suited to skills
 Choose appropriate personnel
► Time management
► Pay based on results
 Mass Production
► United States became
world’s leading
manufacturer by 1900
► Economies of scale
Morganization – Corporations and Mergers
► Incorporation laws
► “Morgan reinvented how monopolies can be created by
eliminating competition through buying up smaller
companies, decreasing prices until the competitors went
bankrupt trying to compete, buying up the bankrupt
competitors to cover more ground in a market
and slashing the workforce behind the company
while reducing wages. Collectively, these
actions maximized the monopoly's profit. Morgan
eventually took control of three major industries: railroads,
electricity and steel, and his dedication to efficiency and
modernization revolutionized American business.” -
Investopedia
► American Telephone and Telegraph Co.
(1885)
 J.P. Morgan Co. financed merger of Bell and
communication companies
► General Electric (1892)
 J.P. Morgan merged Edison General Electric
and Thomas-Houston Electric Company
► U.S. Steel (1901)
 J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and
merged with other steel companies
 Becomes first billion dollar company in world
Corporate Mergers - 1895-1910
Labor in the Gilded Age
Unit 6
Topic 6.7

AP U.S. History
Gilded Age music accompaniment
 Think About It

► Evaluate the extent of causes of

acquisition of power and wealth of
Gilded Age capitalists.
 Labor Wages
► Time and Pay
 Average work week for
industrial worker: 60
hours
 Average hourly rate for
unskilled industrial
worker: $0.10
► No benefits
 No vacation days, sick
leave, health insurance,
workers’ compensation,
pensions
► Iron Law of Wages
 Raising wages would only increase
the working population and the
availability of more workers would in
turn cause wages to fall, thus creating
a cycle of misery & starvation
 Cost of Living in the Gilded Age

► Average annual expenditures (1901): $755

► Average annual expenditures for food, rent, fuel, lighting, clothing (1901): $574
► BOTTOM LINE: unable to support a family decently on one income
Labor Conditions
► Poor working conditions
 Mining suffered through fires
and gas leaks
 Factories suffered through gas
leaks, volatile chemicals,
dangerous and unreliable
machines
 Long hours and no benefits led
to exhaustion and disease
► Statistics
 In 1882, average of 675 workers
killed each week
 35,000 workers killed each year
between 1881-1900
 Child Labor in the Gilded Age
► Work
 Farm laborers
 Mining
 Factories
 Street trades
► “Newsies”and
message carrying
► Statistics
 In 1870, 1 out of every
8 children worked; by
1900, 1 out of every 5
 Between 1890-1910,
18% of all children
ages 10-15 worked
 Labor Unions
► Causes
 De-skilling and devaluing of labor
 Poor and dangerous working
conditions
 Use of immigrants
 Meager salaries and no benefits
► Purpose
 Collective bargaining
 Demand higher wages, benefits,
shorter working days, safer working
conditions
► Tactics
 Political action and efficacy
► Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
 Closed shops
 Slowdowns and Soldiering
 Picketing
 Boycotts
 Strikes
 Sabotage
 Management on Unions
► Rationales
 Capitalists took the financial risks
 Provided labor opportunities
 Expanded economies and affordable consumer costs
 Social Darwinism
► Tactics against Unions
 Linked unions to socialism and anarchism
(radicalism)
 Lockouts – closing a factory to break a labor
movement before it could get organized
 Scabs – replaced strikers – people desperate for jobs
 Yellow-dog contracts – contract that included a
condition that workers could not join unions
 Blacklists – rosters of names of pro-union workers
that employers circulated so that these people could
not find work
 Court injunctions – judicial actions used by an
employer to prevent or end a strike
 Knights of Labor
► Founded in 1869
► Terrence Powderly
► Open Membership
 Excluded Chinese
► Platform
 8-hour workday
 Child labor laws
 Anti-trust laws
 Promotion of cooperatives
 Pursued idealistic reforms
► Tactics
 Arbitration
 Strikes
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
► July 14-September 4, 1877
► Wage cuts, layoffs, and longer hours
 Panic of 1873
 B&O Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad
► Strikes
 Strikes began in West Virginia and Maryland
and spread across Northeast and Midwest
 Strikers resorted to violence, vandalism,
rioting
► Government Response
 President Hayes filed injunctions to avoid
insurrections
 Dispatched federal troops and exacerbated
the violence
► Impact
 Would lead to better organization of workers
and labor unions
 Legislation to limit unions and preparations for
potential conflicts
 "The strikes have been put down by force; but
now for the real remedy. Can't something [be]
done by education of strikers, by judicious
control of capitalists, by wise general policy to
end or diminish the evil? The railroad strikers,
as a rule, are good men, sober, intelligent,
and industrious.“ – President Rutherford B.
Hayes
Haymarket Riot of 1886
► Series of Events
 May Day (May 1st)
► Strike begins of harvesting workers
 May 3rd
► Police sent to protect strikers
► Fight broke out and one person killed
and several injured
 May 4th Protest
► Anarchists planned demonstration
against police brutality
► Police dispersed crowd of 2,000
► A pipe bomb exploded and killed 7 police
officers
► Police fired into crowd killing 4
 Trial
► 8 innocent anarchists convicted of
murder in a show trial
► 4 hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3
pardoned by governor
► Impact
 Public criticized labor unions for
violence
 Weakened the Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
► Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
► Limited Membership
 Trade/craft unions – skilled workers
► Avoid industrial unions
 No women, minorities, foreign labor
► Platform – “Bread and Butter”
 Higher wages
 8-hour workday
 Safer working conditions
 Child labor laws
► Tactics
 Collective bargaining and Arbitration
 Political lobbying and neutrality
 Walkouts and strikes as last resort
 Avoid radicalism and violent tactics
 Homestead Strike
► June 30-July 6, 1892
► Henry Frick
 Manager of Carnegie Steel
 Pursued wage cuts due to lower steel
prices
 Attempted to weaken steel workers
union
► Events
 Frick orders a lockout and hires scabs
 Striking workers barricade themselves in
front of the steel plant
 Pennsylvania state militia ultimately
ends strike
 Strike fails and union broken
► Impact
 Weakened steel workers union
 Tarnished Carnegie’s reputation
 Pullman Strike (1894)
Pullman Palace Car Company
► Pullman cars
 Sleeper cars
► Company town
 Built to attract quality
employees
 Built outside city limits
allowing Pullman
near-absolute control
► Panic of 1893
 Pressured Pullman
Co. to lower wages by
25%-50% and layoff
half of the workforce
 Rents and utility rates
remain unchanged
► 25% higher than
surrounding areas
 Pullman Strike (1894)
► Strike and Boycott
 Pullman refused to bargain and fired union leaders
 Strikers joined by the American Railway Union led by
Eugene V. Debs
 ARU refused to work on Pullman cars
► Government Response
 Railcars attached to mail cars; disrupting U.S. mail
service
 Attorney General Olney filed for a court injunction
based on violation of Sherman Antitrust Act and
Interstate Commerce Act
 President Grover Cleveland dispatched federal troops
to break up the strike
► “If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States
to deliver a postcard in Chicago that card will be
delivered.”
► Conflict
 Strikers overturned and burned railcars and engaged
national guard
 26 civilians killed in the riot violence
► Public Opinion
 Violent actions by striking workers lost public
sympathy
► In re Debs (1895)
 Debs was arrested for violating the court injunction
 Supreme Court ruled Debs’s arrest constitutional as
federal government had power to regulate interstate
commerce, ensure postal service, and “ensure the
general welfare of the public”
Immigration and Migration
in the Gilded Age
&
Responses to Immigration
in the Gilded Age
Unit 6
Topics 6.8-6.9

AP U.S. History
 Think About It

► Evaluate the extent of changes in

American society during the Gilded Age
industrialization period of 1865 and
1900.
 Tenement Living
► “[T]he typical tenement:… it is generally a brick
building from four to six stories high on the
street, frequently with a store on the first floor…
four families occupy each floor, and a set of
rooms consists of one or two dark closets, used
as bedrooms, with a living room twelve feet by
ten. The staircase is too often a dark well in the
centre of the house, and no direct through
ventilation is possible, each family separated
from the other by partitions… The tenements to-
day are New York, harboring three fourths of its
population.” – Jacob Riis, How the Other Half
Lives
 Immigration
► Massive Influx
 16.2 million immigrants (1850-1900)
 8.8 million (1901-1910)
► Old Immigrants
 Northern and Western Europe
 English speaking
 High levels of literacy
 Skilled
 Easy to blend in
► New Immigrants
 Southern and Eastern Europe; Asia
 Catholics, Jews
 Poor
 “birds of passage”
 Unskilled factory, mining, construction
jobs
 Most returned to homelands
 Sociopolitical
Enemies
 Nativists
 “The Yellow Peril”
► Early encouragement of Chinese
immigration in Burlingame Treaty (1868)
► Chinese Immigration Restriction
 Page Act (1875)
 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
 Geary Act (1892)
► Oppression
 Hard labor in Western states and territories
 Lynching and massacres
 Exclusion
 Ellis Island

“…Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe
free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming
shore…”

Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883

 Social Gospel
Urban and Social Reform
► Settlement Houses
 Established in poor urban
neighborhoods
 Provided education, daycare,
and health services
 English lessons for immigrant
children and families
 Middle class volunteers
 Jane Addams and Hull
House
► "toteach by example, to
practice cooperation, and to
practice social democracy,
that is, egalitarian, or
democratic, social relations
across class lines."
► YMCA and YWCA
► Salvation Army
 Progress Check
► Pg 392 # 1
► Pg 398 # 1 – 3
► SAQ pg 399

► 17 minutes
Development of the Middle
Class
Unit 6
Topic 6.10

AP U.S. History
 Think About It

► Evaluate the extent of changes in

American society during the Gilded Age
industrialization period of 1865 and
1900.
Gilded Age Social Class Developments
► Upper Class
Nouveau-riche
► Middle Class
 5%-10% of American families
 White-collar managers, small
business owners, engineers,
office staff, sales, educators,
bureaucrats
 Highly educated
► Working Class
 Blue-collar factory and
manufacturing workers
 Rise in unskilled labor
 2/3 of workforce were wage
laborers
 Wage labor sometimes referred to
as wage slavery
“Ostentatious Wealth and Conspicuous Consumption”
► Andrew Carnegie ► James Buchanan Duke
 Carnegie Steel  American Tobacco Company owned
 $101B (2018) 40% of cigarette industry
► John D. Rockefeller  Duke University
 Standard Oil ► Collis Potter Huntington
 $253B (2018)  Railroads
► Cornelius Vanderbilt ► Henry B. Plant
 Steamships and railroads  Railroads and hotels
 $205B (2018) ► John Jacob Astor
► J.P. Morgan  Fur trade and real estate
 Banking and financial industry  America’s first multimillionaire with $20
million by 1848
► Henry Flagler
 Also dealt in opium smuggling
 Standard Oil Trust
 $138B (2018)
 Florida East Coast Railway
► Jay Cooke
► William Randolph Hearst
 Investment banking
 Newspapers
► Andrew W. Mellon
► Jay Gould
 Investment
 Railroads
 $63.2B (2018)
 $78.3B (2018)
 Horatio Alger Myth
► Young adult novels by
Horatio Alger
► “Rags-to-riches”
► Young boys rise to
middle-class wealth
and success through:
 Hard work
 Honesty
 Courage
 Determination
 Gospel of Wealth
► Based on the article, “Wealth” written by Andrew
Carnegie
► Guardians of the nation’s wealth – the wealthy
have the moral responsibility to carry out projects
of civic philanthropy to help other members of
society to better themselves and in turn improve
society
► “In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be
to help those who will help themselves; to provide part
of the means by which those who desire to improve may
do so; to give those who desire to use the aids by which
they may rise; to assist, but rarely or never to do all.
Neither the individual nor the race is improved by alms-
giving.”
 Gilded Age Philanthropy
► Andrew Carnegie
 Contributed to construction of
over 2,000 libraries
 Donated 90% of his fortune
 Carnegie Hall
 Carnegie-Mellon University
► John D. Rockefeller
 Contributed to growth of the
University of Chicago
 Medical research and facilities
at Johns Hopkins and Harvard
► Cornelius Vanderbilt
 Vanderbilt University
 Donations to various churches
► J.P. Morgan
 Benefactor to Metropolitan
Museum of Art (“The Met)
Reform in the Gilded Age
Unit 6
Topic 6.11

AP U.S. History
 Think About It

► Evaluate the extent of changes in

American society during the Gilded Age
industrialization period of 1865 and
1900.
 Gilded Age Urbanization
►Causes
 Industrialization
 Farm mechanization
 Redeemer South
 Immigration
 Urban Problems
► Political machines and boss politics
► Overcrowding
 Infrastructure did not keep pace with urban
sprawl
 Tenement living
► Pollution
► Crime
 Poverty and high unemployment
 Escape to vices such as gambling,
alcoholism, prostitution
► Sanitation/Water Treatment
 Indoor plumbing limited to wealthy
 No systemized public sanitation
► Disease
 Cholera
 Yellow fever
 Tuberculosis
 25% of babies died before reaching age 1
 Political Machines
Tammany Hall
► William “Boss”
Tweed
► Graft and corruption
► “Elections”
 Third Great Awakening
(1855-1930)
► Characteristics
 Post-millennialist
 Concentrated mostly in urban areas
 Prayer meetings
 More use of man-made objects and
techniques for revivalism
 National and global missionary work
 Inspired Social Gospel movement
► New Denominations
 Christian Science
► Healing power of prayer
 Jehovah’s Witnesses
► Witnessing
► Avoid celebrations
► “in this world” but “not of this world”
► Millennialist
► The Watchtower
 Salvation Army
 Social Gospel
► Inspired by post-millennial religious revival
► Address urban and poverty problems
► Based on Matthew 6:10 “Thy kingdom
come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in
heaven”
► “What would Jesus do?” (1896)
► Josiah Strong and Our Country: It’s Possible
Future and Present Crisis (1885)
 "The Anglo-Saxon is the representative of
two great ideas, which are closely related.
One of them is that of civil liberty. Nearly all
of the civil liberty of the world is enjoyed by
Anglo-Saxons: the English, the British
colonists, and the people of the United
States....The other great idea of which the
Anglo-Saxon is the exponent is that of a
pure spiritual Christianity.”
► Becomes inspiration for progressive reforms
 Growing Temperance
► Urbanization and effects of industrialization
led to growth in breweries and
consumption
► Temperance Movement
 Dominated by upper and middle class urban
women
► Evolved sense of maternal responsibility to
society
 Primarily Protestant and American Catholics
 Alcohol led to prostitution, corruption,
spousal abuse
► National Prohibition Party (1869)
► Women’s Christian Temperance Union
(WCTU) (1874)
 Frances Willard
► Anti-Saloon League (1893)
 Political lobbying and activism
 Dry counties and states
► Carrie Nation
 “Hatchetations”
 Gilded Age Women
► Maternal Commonwealth
 “Cult of domesticity” outside the
private sphere
 Upper and middle class women
played dominant role in social
reforms
► The New Woman and Gibson Girl
 Upper-class and middle-class
women
 College educated and literary clubs
 Increased independence
 Increased participation in athletic
activities
► Educational Opportunities
 By 1910, 40% of college students
were women
 Vassar, Mount Holyoke, Radcliffe
Gilded Age Women and the Workplace
► Increased opportunities in the
workplace
 1 in 5 women were wage earners by
1900
 5% of female laborers were married
 Low-income families and western
farms required women to work
► Types of Work
 Home-associated industry
► Textiles, food processing, domestic
service
 70% of working women were
domestic servants (African-
American and Irish dominated)
 New opportunities
► Secretaries,
bookkeepers, typists,
communication operators
 Controversies over the
Roles of Government in the
Gilded Age
&
Politics in the Gilded Age
Unit 6
Topics 6.12-6.13

AP U.S. History
 Think About It

► Evaluate the beliefs and debates of the

federal government’s role and policies
on economic and social issues.
 Government Actions
► Interstate Commerce Act (ICC)
 Railroad rates must be reasonable
and just
 Prohibited price discriminations
 Required public posting of rates

► Sherman Antitrust Act

 Prohibits any “contract, combination,
in the from of trust or otherwise, or
conspiracy in restraint of trade or
commerce”
 United States v. E.C. Knight Co.
(1895) ruled that the Sherman
Antitrust Act could only be applied to
commerce and not manufacturing.
This will eventually be strengthened
during the Progressive Era.
 Civil Service Reform
► Causes for reform
 Corruption & spoils system
 Garfield’s assassination
► Pendleton Civil Service
Reform Act (1883)
 United States Civil Service
Commission
 Federal employees based on
expertise, civil service exams
 Prohibited federal employees
and campaign contributions
Panic of 1873: The Long Depression
► Causes
 Expansion of railroads, enterprises
in industries and mines outpaces
market demand
 Coinage Act of 1873
► Demonetizes silver contracting the
money supply
► “Crime of 73”
► Effects
 Over 100 railroads fail; 16,000
businesses fail
► Unemployment at 14%
Bimetallism: Battle of the Standards
Gold
► A sound currency
 Coinage Act of 1873
► Demonetized silver
 Stable economy
 Promotes economic competition
and economic liberty
► Benefits
 Banks, creditors, investors,
industrialists
 Stronger dollar promotes more
investment
► Hurts
 Borrowers, debtors
► Gold Bugs
 Bourbon Democrats
 Grover Cleveland
 Most Republicans
Bimetallism: Battle of the Standards
Silver
► Inflationary policies
 Expands credit
 Increases prices of crops
 Bland-Allison Act (1878)
 Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
► Requires U.S. government to purchase
4.5 million oz of silver each month
► Benefits
 Silver mine operators and workers
 Borrowers, debtors
 Western farmers
► Hurts
 Creditors, banks
► Free Silver/Silverites
 Populists
 William Jennings Bryan
 Election of 1892
► Grover
Cleveland (D)
 Lower tariffs
 Gold standard
► Benjamin
Harrison (R)
 Protective tariffs
 Bimetallism
► James B. Weaver
(Pop)
 Coalition of farmers
and labor unions

74.7% voter turnout

 Grover Cleveland (D) (1893-1897)
►Panic of 1893
►Bimetallism
►Pullman Strike
(1894)
 Panic of 1893
► Causes
 U.S. Treasury gold
reserves fell below
$100 million
 Bankruptcy of the
Reading Railroad
 Foreign investors
pull funds
► Impact
 Unemployment rate
hits 18.4% in 1894
► 35% in New York
City
 Over 16,000
business bankrupt
and 500 banks fail
 Pullman Strike
(1894)
 Populist Action
Coxey’s Army
► Army of the Commonwealth in Christ
► Organized and led by Jacob Coxey
► Purpose
 For American workers and farmers seeking
relief to march toward D.C.
 Lobby federal government to create public
works jobs
 Pay the workers in fiat currency
► Reaction
 American public cheered on the marchers
 President Cleveland ordered his arrest for
trespassing on U.S. Capitol grounds,
disbanding the army
 J.P. Morgan and Cleveland
► U.S. Treasury gold
reserves depleted
► Sherman Silver
Purchase Act repealed
► Federal government
considered selling
bonds to general public
► J.P. Morgan
 Proposed selling $65
million of gold to federal
government
 In exchange for 30-year
bond
 William Jennings Bryan (D)
► “The Great Commoner”
 Appealed to farmers, working
class, middle class
► “Cross of Gold” Speech
 “If they dare to come out in the open
field and defend the gold standard as a
good thing, we shall fight them to the
uttermost, having behind us the
producing masses of the nation and the
world. Having behind us the
commercial interests and the laboring
interests and all the toiling masses, we
shall answer their demands for a gold
standard by saying to them, you shall
not press down upon the brow of labor
this crown of thorns. You shall not
crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”
► Instantly becomes Democrat
presidential nominee for 1896 election
adopting populist reforms
 Election of 1896
► William McKinley (R)
 Mark Hanna
 Outspent Bryan 5 to 1
 Benefited from recovering
economy
► William Jennings Bryan (D)
 Populist rhetoric
► Campaign
 Bryan’s stump speeches and
whistle stop tour
 McKinley’s “front-porch”
► Realignment election
 Ends Third Party System
 Begins Fourth Party System
► Republican domination