tarter – Reverse Mean

Jethro has sat 5 tests.

Each test was marked out of 100 and Jethro's mean mark for the 5 tests is 74
Jethro has to sit one more test that is also to be marked out of 100
Jethro wants his mean mark for all 6 tests to be at least 77
Work out the least mark that Jethro needs to get for the last test.

(If we are given the mean in the question we work with totals)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
  𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠=5 × 74=370
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
  𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 6 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠 =6 ×77=462

𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌
  𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝟔 𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕=𝟒𝟔𝟐 −𝟑𝟕𝟎=𝟗𝟐

(Jun 2021 1H)

 Statistics
EXPLORE 1
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Complete a cumulative frequency table and graph

• Calculate the interquartile range from a cumulative frequency graph

• Construct and interpret histograms

rom the LEARN Cumulative Frequency
“Cumulative” means running total. It allows us to say the count up to a particular value.
Number of Certificates Number of students
0 4
1 9
2 7
3 1
4 6
5 3

Convert to cumulative
Number of Certificates Cumulative
frequency table.Frequency
0 4  How many students had “up to” 2 certificates?
1 13
2 20
How many students had “up to” 3 certificates?
3 21
4 27 (or we can just add 1 on to the previous total of 20)
5 30
From the LEARN Cumulative Frequency Tables for
Grouped Data

Height (h cm) Frequency Convert to Height (h cm) Cumulative Frequency

cumulative
130 < h ≤ 140 4 frequency table. 130 < h ≤ 140 4
140 < h ≤ 150 11 130 < h ≤ 150 15
150 < h ≤ 160 24 130 < h ≤ 160 39
160 < h ≤ 170 22 130 < h ≤ 170 61
Convert to cumulative
170 < h ≤ 180 19
frequency table. 130 < h ≤ 180 80

This updated class interval should

reflect ‘everything up to 150’ (i.e.
not just between 140 and 150).
From the LEARN

100m times at the 2012 London Olympics

Let’s use this data to plot something called a

cumulative frequency graph.

To save the hassle of having to write a separate

cumulative frequency table, we can just add an
extra cumulative frequency column.

Time (s) Frequency Cumulative

Frequency

1 1
4 5
10 15
17 32
From the LEARN Time (s) Frequency C. F. Cumulative Frequency Graphs
9.6 < t ≤ 9.7 1 1
This type of graph is incredibly useful in
9.7 < t ≤ 9.9 4 5 estimating how many people had a
9.9 < t ≤ 10.05 10 15 particular value of less, e.g. “Estimate
how many runners had a time of up to 10
10.05 < t ≤ 10.2 17 32 secs”. It also allows us to estimate the
median/quartiles.
There’s 32 runners, so the middle runner is the 16 th (for cumulative
frequency graphs we can simply half the total frequency, without the usual
adjustment for listed values). So use line graph to estimate 16 th value.
32

28 Three quarters of Median = 10.07s

32 is 24, so look
Cumulative Frequency

up 24th runner.
24
Lower Quartile
20 = 9.95s
We don’t know what time the
fastest runner had, but we can
16 We know 0 be certain that 1 runner had a
runners had a time of “up to” 9.7 secs. We Upper Quartile
time of “up use the endpoint of each
12 to” 9.6 secs. interval. Mark schemes allow either a = 10.13s
Always plot curved line or joining each
the lowest pair of points with a straight
8 value using a
CF of 0.
line.
Interquartile Range
4
A quarter of 32 is
8, so look up 8th = 0.18s
runner.

0
9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3
Time (s)
ractice Questions.

The Following Practice questions are also available on the Learning platform
in both PDF and WORD format
Week 9 MAT EXP Practice Cumulative Frequency
 Practice…
The table shows information about the amount of money that 120 people spent in a shop.

b On the grid, draw a cumulative

frequency graph for the table.

a Complete the cumulative

frequency table.

c Use the graph to find an estimate for the median amount of

money spent in the shop by these people.

Solutions on next slide.

 SOLUTION
The table shows information about the amount of money that 120 people spent in a shop.

b On the grid, draw a cumulative

frequency graph for the table.

a Complete the cumulative

frequency table.

c
Use the graph to find an estimate for the median amount of
money spent in the shop by these people.
Approximately 33
Practice

Question 1: The table shows information about the heights of 40 bushes.

Height (h cm) Frequency
170 h < 175 5
175 h < 180 18
180 h < 185 12
185 h < 190 4
190 h < 195 1

(a) Complete the cumulative frequency table.

Height
Cumulative Frequency
(h cm)

170 h < 175  

170 h < 180  
170 h < 185  
170 h < 190  
170 h < 195  
 (b) On the grid, draw a cumulative frequency graph for your table.

40
C u m u la tiv e
fre q u e n c y

30

20

10

0
170 175 180 185 190 195
H e ig h t (h c m )
(c) Use the graph to find an estimate for the median height of the bushes.
……………………… cm
ANSWERS
1

5
23
35
39
40

179
 Question 2. The table gives information about the ages of 160 employees of an IT company.

Age (A) in years Frequency

15 < A 25 44

25 < A 35 56

35 < A 45 34

45 < A 55 19

55 < A 65 7

(a) Write down the modal class interval.

(b) Complete the cumulative frequency table.

Age (A) in years Cumulative Frequency

15 < A 25  
15 < A 35  
15 < A 45  
15 < A 55  
15 < A 65  
 On the grid on the next page, draw a cumulative frequency
(c) Draw a cumulative frequency graph for your table.
graph for your table.
180

C u m u la tiv e
fre q u e n c y
160

140

(d) Use your graph to find an estimate for

120 (i) the median age of the employees,
(ii) the interquartile range of the ages of the
100
employees.

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
A g e (A ) in y e a rs
ANSWERS
2

44
100
134
25<
  𝐴 ≤ 35 153
160

30

40.9
  − 24.1=16.8
Question 3. A company tested 100 batteries. The table shows information about the number of hours that the
batteries lasted.

Time (t hours) Frequency

50 ≤ t < 55 12
55 ≤ t < 60 21
60 ≤ t < 65 36
65 ≤ t < 70 23
70 ≤ t < 75 8

(a) Complete the cumulative frequency table for this information.

Time Cumulative
(t hours) frequency
50 ≤ t < 55 12
50 ≤ t < 60  
50 ≤ t < 65  
50 ≤ t < 70  
50 ≤ t < 75  
(b) On the grid, draw a cumulative frequency graph for your completed table.
(c) Use your completed graph to find an estimate for the median time.
You must state the units of your answer.

100

C u m u la tiv e
fre q u e n c y
80

60

40

20

0
50 55 60 65 70 75
T im e (t h o u rs )
 ANSWERS

4 A company tested 100 batteries. The table shows (b) On the grid, draw a cumulative frequency graph for
information about the number of hours that the your completed table.
batteries lasted.

Time (t hours) Frequency

50 ≤ t < 55 12

55 ≤ t < 60 21

60 ≤ t < 65 36

65 ≤ t < 70 23

70 ≤ t < 75 8

(a) Complete the cumulative frequency table

for this information.
Time Cumulative frequency
(t hours)

50 ≤ t < 55 12
50 ≤ t < 60 33
50 ≤ t < 65 69 (c) Use your completed graph to find an estimate for the
50 ≤ t < 70 92 
median time.
You must state the units of your answer.
50 ≤ t < 75  100
Accept 62 – 64 hours
Question 4.
Here is the cumulative frequency curve of the weights of 120 girls at Mayfield
Secondary School.
140

120

100

80

C u m u la tiv e
fre q u e n c y
60

40

20

0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100

W e ig h t (k g )

Use the cumulative frequency curve to find an estimate for the

(i) median weight,
(ii) interquartile range of the weight
ANSWERS
Question 4.
Here is the cumulative frequency curve of the weights of 120 girls at Mayfield
Secondary School.
140

120

100

80

C u m u la tiv e
fre q u e n c y
60

40

20

0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100

W e ig h t (k g )

Use the cumulative frequency curve to find an estimate for the

(i) median weight, Accept 72-74
Accept
kg 72-74 kg
(ii) interquartile range of the weight Accept 14-17kg (lines for quartiles must be shown on the
diagram)
xam Questions.

The Following Exam questions are also available on the Learning platform
in both PDF and WORD format
Week 9 MAT EXP Exam Questions Cumulative Frequency
xam Question
The cumulative frequency graph shows information Clare says,
about the length, in minutes, of each of 80 films. "More than 35% of these films are
over 120 minutes long."

(b)  Is Clare correct?

Give a reason for your answer.
𝑈𝑄
  (June 2018 1H)
% 
  𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 120 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 .

  80− 55 ( 100 )=31.25 %

( 80 )
L 
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑒
  𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔

(a)  Use the graph to find an estimate for the

interquartile range. 𝐼𝑄𝑅=123−
  102=21
xam Question
A total of 80 men and women took part in a race. 60% of the men took 50 minutes or less for the race.
The cumulative frequency graph gives information about the times, No women took 50 minutes or less for the race.
in minutes, they took
for the race. (b)  Work out an estimate for the number of men who took part in
the race.
(Jan 2020 1H)

𝑈𝑄
  𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑛≤ 50 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠=42
 

60
  %  𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛=42

 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑛 ( 100 % ) = 42 =70

0.6
𝐿𝑄
 

(a)  Use the graph to find an estimate for the interquartile range.

𝐼𝑄𝑅=56−
  38=18𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
xam Question
The cumulative frequency graph gives information about the Roberto sells the bags of sweets to raise money for charity.
weights, in grams, of 90 bags of sweets. Bags with a weight greater than d grams are labelled large bags
and sold for 3.75 euros each bag.

The total amount of money he receives by selling all the large bags
is 93.75 euros.

(b)  Find the value of d.

(Jan 2021 1H)

  93.75
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠= =25
3.75

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
  𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3.75=90 −25=65

𝑑  =151 𝑔

(a)  Find an estimate for the median of the weights of these bags of

sweets. 46   𝑔
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Complete a cumulative frequency table and graph

• Calculate the interquartile range from a cumulative frequency graph

• Construct and interpret histograms

 LESSON COMPLETE
SEE YOU NEXT LESSON!
tarter – Exam Questions.
The table shows information about the snowfall in Ottawa The table shows information about the heights, in cm,
in January one year. of 48 sunflowers in a garden centre.
Mid Pt Total snow Mid Pt Total Height
1 19 95 760
3 24 105 1260
5 15 115 1725
7 0 125 1250
9 9 135 405

67
  5400
 
Work out an estimate for the total snowfall in January. Work out an estimate for the mean height of the
sunflowers.
(June 2012 4H) (June 2019 2H)

  5400
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
  𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙=67 𝑐𝑚 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = =112.5 𝑐𝑚
48
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Complete a cumulative frequency table and graph

• Calculate the interquartile range from a cumulative frequency graph

• Construct and interpret histograms

 Statistics
Explore 2
rom the LEARN Histograms
Pablo is hosting a party. He counts how many people are between 15 and
Age (years) Frequency
20, and 20 and 50.
15 ≤ a < 20 15
20 ≤ a < 50 15 Why is below graph somewhat unhelpful.
How could we fix it?
Frequency

15
The 15 people in the second group
are more spread out in age, but this
graph seems to suggest that people’s
ages are spread out uniformly
between 15 and 50.

10 20 30 40 50
Age
 Let’s presume that within each age group, the ages are evenly spread.
Age (years) Frequency
15 ≤ a < 20 15 Then there would 3 people of each age in the 15-20 group, and 0.5 people of
20 ≤ a < 50 15 each age in the 20-50 group.

3
Frequency Density
Estimated Frequency

The resulting diagram is known as a histogram.

2 The ‘frequency per age’ is known as the ‘frequency density’. In general,
given the frequency and class width, we can calculate it using:

Frequency
1 Frequency Density =
Class Width

10 20 30 40 50
Age
 Bar Charts vs Histograms

Bar Charts Histograms

• For discrete data. • For continuous data.
• Frequency given by height of • Data divided into (potentially uneven) intervals.
bars. • Frequency given by area of bars.

Frequency Density
Frequency

6 7 8 9 1.0m 1.2m 1.4m 1.6m 1.8m

Shoe Size Height
 From the LEARN Examples
Weight (w kg) Frequency Frequency
1
Density
0 < w ≤ 10 40 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦=
10 < w ≤ 15 6 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
15 < w ≤ 35 52 2.6 (Rearranging)
35 < w ≤ 45 1
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
  =( 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 )(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦=𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
  𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑟
2 5 Frequency
Frequency 4x10= 40
= 3x5=15
Frequency Density

4
Frequency Frequency
3 2x10=20 5x5= 25

10 20 30 40 50
Height (m)
From the LEARN Example

The incomplete table and histogram give some information about the heights (in cm) of some sunflowers.

Height (h cm) Frequency Frequency Density

a) Use the histogram to complete the table. (2)
100 130 30 30 ÷ 30 = 1 b) Use the table to complete the histogram. (2)

4.2 x 20 = 84 4.2 using graph Always start by adding a

Frequency Density column
6 x 10 = 60 6 using graph

40 40 ÷ 20 =2 For this kind of question, first find a ‘complete’ set of information: i.e.
for the first row in this question, we have the frequency and the drawn
18 18 ÷ 30 = bar, so can work out the F.D. scale.
0.6
We don’t know the scale on the frequency density axis. Can
8 we work it out using the first row of the table?
7
6
5

4
3
2

1
ractice Questions.

The Following Practice questions are also available on the Learning platform
in both PDF and WORD format
Week 9 MAT EXP Practice Histograms
 Practice
 
1 Some trains from Manchester to London were late.
The incomplete table and histogram gives some information about how late the trains were.
Minutes late (t) Frequency

0<t≤5 16

5 < t ≤ 10 10

10 < t ≤ 20  

20 < t ≤ 30  

30 < t ≤ 50 8

(a) Use the information in the histogram to complete the

table.
 
(b) Use the information in the table to complete the
histogram.
ANSWERS
1

FD
3.2
2
12 1.2
6 0.6
0.4

4.0

3.2

2.4

1.6

0.8
2. A call centre receives 64 telephone calls one morning.
The table gives information about the lengths, in minutes, of these telephone calls.

Length (x) minutes Frequency

0<x5 4

5 < x  15 10

15 < x  30 24

30 < x  40 20

40 < x  45 6

Draw a histogram for this information.

 

Length (minutes)
ANSWERS
2

FD
0.8
1
1.6
2
1.2

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
 3 The table gives some information about the speeds, in km/h, of 100 cars.

Speed(s km/h) Frequency

60 < s  65 15

65 < s  70 25

70 < s  80 36

80 < s  100 24

(a) On the grid, draw a histogram for the information in the

table.

(b) Work out an estimate for the number of cars with a speed of
more than 85 km/h.
 
 
ANSWERS
3

FD
3
5
3.6
1.2
  Work out an estimate for the number of cars with a
(b)
speed of more than 85 km/h.
5 Note that 85 to 100 is three-quarters of the 80 to 100 interval.
Thus we can estimate we’ll have of the 24 drivers in this
group.
4

1
4. The incomplete histogram and table give some information about the times, in minutes that cars were parked in a
car park.

(a) Use the information in the histogram to

complete the frequency table.

(b) Use the table to complete the histogram.

ANSWERS
4

FD
30 1
3.5
60 3
1.5
0.5
xam Questions.

The Following Exam questions are also available on the Learning platform
in both PDF and WORD format
Week 9 MAT EXP Exam Questions Histograms
xam Question
The histogram gives information about the times, in minutes, 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
  𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 35=( 7 ) ( 1 ) + ( 6 ) ( 2.5 ) +(5)( 4.8)
that some customers spent in a supermarket. ¿  7+15+24
¿  46

  46
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=
120

One of the customers is selected at random.

Given that this customer had spent more than 30 minutes in the
supermarket,

(b)  find the probability that this customer spent more than 36

minutes in the supermarket.

(a)  Work out an estimate for the proportion of these customers 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

  𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 30=72
who spent between 17 minutes and 35 minutes in the 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
  𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 36= ( 9 ) ( 4.8 ) =43.2
supermarket. 43.2 9
 
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦= =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=
  ( 10 ) ( 0.7 ) + ( 5 ) ( 3.4 ) + ( 9 ) ( 1 )+ ( 6 ) ( 2.5 ) + ( 15 ) ( 4.8 ) 72 15
¿  7+17+9+15+72
¿  120
xam Question
(a)  On the grid, draw a histogram for this information.

The table gives information about the heights,

in centimetres, of some plants.
5 
𝐹𝐷
  4 
3.5
 
𝐹𝐷
  3 
3 
5  2 
2  1 
0.8
 

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (b)  Work out an estimate for the number of these plants with a
 
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦= height greater than 40 cm.
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
  2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠=
3 ( )
75+40+8= 98
xam Question
A postman records the weight of each parcel that he delivers. (a)  Work out the total number of parcels the postman
delivered last Monday.
The histogram shows information about the weights of all the
parcels that the postman delivered last Monday. No parcels  𝐹𝐷 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2= 63 =42
1.5
weighed more than 6 kg.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=
  ( 0.5 ) ( 18 ) + ( 1.5 ) ( 42 ) + ( 1 ) ( 24 )+ ( 1 ) ( 30 ) +( 2)(8)
¿  9+63+24 +30+16
42
  ¿  142
30
  The postman picks at random two of the records of the
20 parcels he delivered last Monday.
 
10 (b)  Work out an estimate for the probability that each
 
parcel weighed more than 2.25 kg.

𝑁𝑜
  . 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2.5=(0.75)(24)+ 30+16
63 of the parcels that the postman delivered last Monday each
¿  18+30+16
had a weight between 0.5 kg and 2 kg. ¿  64

  𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦   64 63 672
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦=
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦=
142 ( )( ) 141
=
3337
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Complete a cumulative frequency table and graph

• Calculate the quartiles and interquartile range from a cumulative frequency

graph

• Construct and interpret histograms

 LESSON COMPLETE
SEE YOU NEXT LESSON!