Conjunction

Conjunction or
or Juction
Juction!!

A conjunction is a joiner, a word that

connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm
 Conjuction
Conjunction is a relationship indicating how the subsequent sentence or
clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or
parts of sentence. This is usually achieved by the use of
conjunctions. Frequently occurring relationships are addition,
causality and temporality. 
The relationship can be hypotactic, combining a main clause with a
subordinate clause or phrase, or paratactic, combining two main
clauses.

http://www.geocities.com/~tolk/lic/LIC990329p3.htm#T1
 Conjunction or Juction!

• COORDINATING This type of cohesion in

CONJUNCTIONS question "junction“ is
divided into four major
• SUBORDINATING types of junctive
CONJUNCTIONS
expressions:
• CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
•CONJUNCTION
• CONJUNCTIVE •DISJUNCTION
ADVERBS OR
ADVERBIAL •CONTRAJUNCTION
CONJUNCTIONS
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm •SUBORDINATION
de Beaugrande & Dressler (1981)
 Coordinating Conjunctions!
• The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating
conjunctions. Some of them are: and but or yet for
nor so

• Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a

coordinating conjunction, so what we say about
coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and
punctuation does not apply to these two words.)
Connector(s) They show/ Examples
It shows

and...too Comparison High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to
your health too.
and Addition High level positions are stressful at times, and can be
nor harmful to your health.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you
interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

but Opposition High level positions are stressful at times, but

professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
but Contrast High level positions are stressful at times, but the
yet financial rewards make these positions very desirable
indeed.
The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet
they continued to play golf every day.

for (cause), Cause Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, for

so (effect) Effet their positions are at times rather stressful.
Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings,
so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his
adoring fans.
or Possibility & You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.
Exclusion
 Subordinating Conjunctions!
• A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a
Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the
rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its
meaning.

Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before,
since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a
clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the
sentence.

after if though
although if only till
as (*) in order that unless
as if (*) now that until
as long as once when
as though (*) rather than whenever
because since where
before so that whereas
even if than wherever
even though that while
Connector(s) They show Examples

if, unless, Condition If you consider the financial rewards of high

only if, even level positions, the stressful nature of these
if positions becomes less important.

just as Comparison Just as high level positions are stressful, they

can be harmful to your health.

although, Opposition Despite the fact that high level positions are
despite the stressful at times, professionals can learn to
fact that manage their stress levels.

whereas, Contrast While high level positions are stressful at

while times, the financial rewards make these
positions very desirable indeed.

because, Cause / Since high level positions are at times rather

since Effect stressful, professionals can sometimes be
extremely impatient.
 The Case of Like and As

Strictly speaking, the word like is a preposition, not a conjunction. It can,

therefore, be used to introduce a prepositional phrase:
"My brother is tall like my father“
But it should not be used to introduce a clause:
"My brother can't play the piano like as he did before the accident"
or "It looks like as if basketball is quickly overtaking baseball as
America's national sport.“
To introduce a clause, it's a good idea to use as, as though, or as if,
instead.

Like As I told you earlier, the lecture has been postponed.

It looks like as if it's going to rain this afternoon.

Johnson kept looking out the window like as though he had

someone waiting for him.
 The Case of Like and Such as

In formal, academic text, it's a good idea to reserve the use of like
for situations in which similarities are being pointed out:

This community college is like a two-year liberal arts college

However, when you are listing things that have similarities, such as is
probably more suitable:

The college has several highly regarded neighbors, like such as the
Mark Twain House, St. Francis Hospital, the Connecticut Historical
Society, and the UConn Law School.
 Correlative Conjunctions!
• Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are
called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining
various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically
equal.

She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.

Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."

Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions.

both . . . and neither . . . nor

not only . . . but also whether . . . or
not . . . but as . . . as
either . . . or
 Parallel Form
Correlative conjunctions sometimes create problems in parallel form.
HERE you are some helpful tips with those problems.
Identify the faulty parallelism and the correct version.

By this principle, an article or a preposition applying to all the members of a series must
either be used only before the first term or else be repeated before each term.

The French, the Italians, Spanish, The French, the Italians, the Spanish,
and Portuguese and the Portuguese

In spring, summer, or in winter In spring, summer, or winter (In

spring, in summer, or in winter)

When making comparisons, the things you compare should be couched in parallel
structures whenever that is possible and appropriate.

My income is smaller than my wife.

My income is smaller than my wife's.

Correlative expressions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either,
or; first, second, third; and the like) should be followed by the same
grammatical construction. Many violations of this rule can be corrected
by rearranging the sentence.

It was both a long ceremony and very The ceremony was both long and
tedious. tedious.
A time not for words, but action A time not for words, but for action

Either you must grant his request or You must either grant his request or
incur his ill will. incur his ill will.

My objections are, first, the injustice of My objections are, first, that the
the measure; second, that it is measure is unjust; second, that it is
unconstitutional. unconstitutional.
 Conjunctive Adverbs
The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently,
as a result are used to create complex relationships between ideas.
Connector(s) They show Examples

otherwise Condition You should remember the financial rewards of high

level positions; otherwise, you might find the stressful
nature of these positions too demanding.

similarly, in Comparison High level positions are stressful at times; similarly,

comparison they can be harmful to your health.

in addition, Addition High level positions are stressful at times; furthermore,

additionally, they can be harmful to your health
furthermore,
moreover, also
however, Opposition High level positions are stressful at times;
nevertheless nevertheless, professionals can learn to manage their
stress levels.
in contrast, on the Contrast High level positions are stressful at times; on the other
other hand hand, the financial rewards make these positions very
desirable indeed.
therefore, as a Cause / High level positions are at times rather stressful;
result, consequently Effect therefore, professionals can sometimes be extremely
impatient.
 USING TRANSITIONAL TAGS
Transitional tags run the gamut from the most simple to more complex signals that
ideas are somehow connected — the conjunctive adverbs and transitional
expressions such as however, moreover, nevertheless, on the other hand .

again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further,
addition
furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too
comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly
concession granted, naturally, of course
although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so,
even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless,
contrast
notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still,
though, yet
emphasis certainly, indeed, in fact, of course
after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in
example or
fact, in other words, in short, it is true, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to
illustration
illustrate, thus, truly
all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words,
summary in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore,
to put it differently, to summarize
after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that
time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in
time sequence addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now,
presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently,
then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when
 Prepositions and
Prepositional phrases
Connector(s) They show/ Examples
It shows

like, similar Comparison Similar to other important professions, high

to level business positions are stressful at times.
in addition Addition Along with being stressful, high level positions
to, along can also be harmful to your health.
with, as well
as
despite, in Opposition In spite of the stressful nature of high level
spite of positions, professionals can learn to manage
their stress levels.
unlike Contrast Unlike the undesirable stress of high level
positions, the financial rewards make these
positions very desirable indeed.
because of, Cause / Due to the stressful nature of high level
due to, as a Effect positions, professionals can sometimes be
result of extremely impatient.
 Discourse Markers - Linking
Your Ideas in English
By Kenneth Beare, About.com

• Some words and phrases help to develop ideas and relate them to one another. These
kinds of words and phrases are often called discourse markers. Note that most of
these discourse markers are formal and used when speaking in a formal context or
when presenting complicated information in writing.

with regard to; regarding; as regards; as far as ……… is concerned, as

for

• These expressions focus attention on what follows in the sentence. This is done
by announcing the subject in advance. As regards and as far as………is concerned
usually indicate a change of subject

Examples:
His grades in science subjects are excellent. As regards humanities …
With regard to the latest market figures we can see that ...
Regarding our efforts to improve the local economy, we have made ...
As far as I am concerned, we should continue to develop our resources.
As for John's thoughts, let's take a look at this report he sent me.
 Discourse Markers - Linking Your
Ideas in English
By Kenneth Beare, About.com

– on the other hand; while; whereas

These words give expression to two ideas which contrast but do not contradict each other.

Examples:
Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer cricket.
We've been steadily improving our customer service center. On the other hand our
shipping department needs to be redesigned.
Jack thinks we're ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need to wait.

however, nonetheless, nevertheless

All these words are used to present two contrasting/opposing ideas.

Examples:
Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health. Nonetheless, 40% of the
population smokes.
Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip. However, he changed his mind last
week.
Peter was warned not to invest all of his savings in the stock market. Nevertheless,
he invested and lost everything.
 Discourse Markers - Linking Your
Ideas in English
By Kenneth Beare, About.com

– moreover, furthermore, in addition

We use these expressions to add information to what has been said. The usage of these
words is much more elegant than just making a list or using the conjunction 'and'.
Examples:
His problems with his parents are extremely frustrating. Moreover, there seems to be
no easy solution to them.
I assured him that I would come to his presentation. Furthermore, I also invited a
number of important representatives from the local chamber of commerce.
Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone
costs have doubled over the past six months.
therefore, as a result, consequently
These expressions show that the second statement follows logically from the first statement.

Examples:
He reduced the amount of time studying for his final exams. As a result, his marks were
rather low.
We've lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months. Consequently, we have been
forced to cut back our advertising budget.
The government has drastically reduced its spending. Therefore, a number of programs
have been canceled.
 Good for you!
You have overcome this stage

Step by step we will

reach the goal!

Be ready for “a
whole assessment”
very soon. Now
let’s do some
exercises!
 Exercises
Could you please identify the following structures in the
provided readings? And then explain their use in the discourse

S-V agreement: Modifying phrases or Pronouns: Either & neither

clauses between the S and its verb
Sentence: Subject + Predicate (Simple &
Complete)
Clauses: Independent & Dependent
(Adjective & relative clauses)
Sentence fragments or phrases
Indefinite Pronouns: Anyone, no one,
nobody /all, some, none.
Of-phrases: Each of, a pair of
Fractional expressions: Half of, a part of,
a percentage of, a majority of
Phrases with together with, as well as,
along
Correlative conjunctions: Neither … nor,
either … or
Reference (Types)
Ellipsis or substitution (Types: noun, verb,
clause)
Conjunction (Coordinating, subordinating,
correlative)
Conjunctive adverbs, transitional tags, or
discourse markers
Preposition & Prepositional Phrases
Any other aspect you consider relevant

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