Hydro electric power

Hydro power
Hydro power also called as hydraulic power,
.hydro kinetic power or water power

It is the force or energy of falling water

which can be used for the useful purposes
.like generating Electricity
 Hydro power
The force of moving water is captured to generate
electric power.

Falling water is used to turn turbine.

Turbine converts hydraulic power to mechanical

energy.

Alternator converts mechanical energy to electric

energy.
 History
Farmers since the ancient Greeks have
used water wheels to grind wheat into
flour.
 History

Hydroelectric power is one of the

oldest methods of producing power.

Hydro power was broadly used water

wheels for pumping irrigation water.
 History
In the late 19th century, hydropower
became a source for generating electricity.

The first hydroelectric power plant was built

at Niagara Falls in 1879.

In 1881, street lamps in the city of Niagara

Falls were powered by hydropower.
Hydroelectric power provides almost one-
fifth of the world's electricity.

China, Canada, Brazil, the United States,

and Russia were the five largest producers of
hydropower.

One of the world's largest hydro plants is at

Three Gorges on China's Yangtze River.
 Hydro power Plant
It consists of different parts
• Dam
• Intake
• Penstock
• Turbine
• Generator
• Transformer
• Power line
• outflow
 Hydro power Plant
 
Dam - Most hydropower plants rely on a dam
that holds back water, creating a large
reservoir.
 Hydro power Plant
 

Intake
Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the
water. Also called as inlet or control gates
Penstock
It carries the water from the reservoir up to
turbines.
Turbine
The water strikes and turns the large blades
of a turbine, which converts the hydraulic
energy to mechanical energy.
 Hydro power Plant
Generators - As the turbine blades turn, so
do a series of magnets inside the generator.
Giant magnets rotate
past copper coils,
producing alternating
current (AC) by
moving electrons.
 Hydro power Plant
Transformer - The transformer inside the
powerhouse takes the AC and converts it to
higher voltage current.
Power lines - Out of every power plant come
four wires:
The three phases of power being produced
simultaneously plus a neutral or ground
common to all three.
Outflow - Used water is carried through
pipelines, called tailraces, and re-enters the
river downstream .
Hydro power Turbines

 
A water turbine is a rotary machine that
converts kinetic energy and potential
energy of water into mechanical work.
 Types of hydro power
turbines
As per the action of the water on moving
blades, hydro turbines are classified as

IMPULSE TURBINE

REACTION TURBINE
 Types of hydro power
turbines
IMPULSE TURBINE
In the impulse turbine the total
energy at the inlet of the turbine
is only kinetic energy.
The pressure energy of water passed
through the nozzle is converted to
Kinetic energy forming high velocity
jet of water. Pressure at both the
entering and leaving the vanes is
atmospheric.
 Types of hydro power
turbines

REACTION TURBINE

In the reaction turbine the total energy at the

inlet of the turbine is kinetic energy along with
the pressure energy.

The power is developed from combined action of

pressure and velocity of water.
 Hydro power Turbines
• Wood used in the original waterwheels
and penstocks.
• Which was supplanted in part by steel
components in the early 1800s.
• Steel retains its strength through high
fatigue loading and resists cavitation
erosion and corrosion.
• For large units, steel will likely remain
the material of choice.
 Hydro power Turbines
Hydro turbine runners are commonly made
of stainless steel alloys.
However, given the rise of small (below 10 MW) to
micro-sized (below 100 kW) turbines, composites
can be used to save weight and reduce
manufacturing cost and environmental impact.
Composites in hydroelectric turbines must tolerate
harsher running conditions. Higher speeds can
induce vibrations, and lightweight turbines may have
lower resonant frequencies than heavier steel
counterparts.
Hydro power Turbines
It is feasible to construct turbines from
composite materials, and a weight
reduction of 50% to 70% was seen compared
to conventional steel components. In
addition, assembly of these composite
structures does not require welding
equipment. The components also require
fewer parts to be bolted together, as each
piece can be made in one or two sections.
 Working principle
Water released from the reservoir flows through
a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a
generator to produce electricity.

The mechanical energy produced by the turbine

is converted into electric energy by using a
turbine generator.
 Hydro electric power
Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate
electricity today.
Once a dam has been built and the equipment
installed, the energy source—flowing water—is free.
It's a clean fuel source that is renewable yearly by
snow and rainfall.
 Advantages
Fuel is not burned so there is minimal
pollution.

Water to run the power plant is provided

free by nature.

Relatively low operations and maintenance

costs.
 Advantages
The technology is reliable and proven over
time.
It's renewable - rainfall renews the water in
the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always
there
 Disadvantages
High investment costs.
In some cases, inundation of land and
wildlife habitat.
In some cases, displacement of local
populations.
Most hydroelectric power plants have a dam
and a reservoir. These structures may
obstruct fish migration and affect their
populations.
 Disadvantages

Operating a hydroelectric power plant may

also change the water temperature and the
river's flow.

But damming rivers may destroy or disrupt

wildlife and other natural resources
 Power generation in
Pakistan
Pakistan meets its energy
requirements 29% by indigenous gas
35% by hydro electricity
2.84% from Nuclear
0.16% from Coal
35% by oil
 Completed Projects in
T Pakistan
A Largest land filled Dam in world
R and in Pakistan
B
Built on Indus river at Tarbela
E
L 60 km north of Islamabad
A Capacity is 3500 MW
16.6 Billion kWh/ annum
D
A
M
 Completed Projects in
M
Pakistan
A
N
G Built on river Jhelum
L Installed capacity 1000MW
A 10 turbines
Completed in 2010
D
A
M
 Completed Projects in
Pakistan
G
H
A Installed capacity 1450 MW
Z 5 turbines
I
7 km downstream
B
of tarbela
A
R
O
T
A
 Ongoing Projects in
D Pakistan
I
A
M Located on Indus river
E Installed capacity 4500 MW
R
12 turbines
B
H Project cost
A $ 2.6 billion
S
H
A
 Ongoing Projects in
Pakistan
K
O
H Installed capacity 1100MW
A
L Starting date 2012
A Completion period is 6 years
H Project cost $2.12 Bilion
Y
D
E
L
 Ongoing Projects in
D
Pakistan
A
S Located on Indus river 74 km
U downstream to Diamer Basha dam
Installed capacity is 4320 MW
Completion period 8-14 years
P
R Project cost $5.28 Billion
O
J
E
C
 Ongoing Projects in
Pakistan
B
U
N Located on river Indus in Gilgit
J Installed capacity 7100 MW
I Starting date 2012
Cost of the project $ 7 Billion
D
A
M
 Ongoing Projects in
N Pakistan
E
E
Located near Muzaffarabad on
L
U river Jhelum and Neelum.
M Installed capacity 969 MW
Number of Turbines 4
J
E Project Cost Rs 130 Billion
H
L
U
 CPEC ENERGY
PROJECTS
Major Energy Projects of CPEC
720 MW Karot Hydro power Project (punjab)
840 MW Suki Kinari Hydro power project (KPK)
100 MW Jhimpuir Wind project (sindh)
50 MW Sachal Wind power project (sindh)
50 MW Dawood Wind power project (sindh)
1000 MW Quaid e Azam Solar power project Bahawalpur
China Pakistan joint Research centre for Hydro power
Islamabad
C
HYDRO PROJECTS
P
E Suki Kinari(SK)
C
Located in Kaghan Vally
P
R Capacity is 870 MW
O Project cost of $1.8 billion
J
E
C
T
S
C
HYDRO PROJECTS
P
Karot Dam
E
C Capacity is 720 MW
P Project cost $1.6 billion
R under construction is part of the CPEC
O plan, but is to be financed separately
J by China’s Silk Road Fund.
E
C
T
S
C
HYDRO PROJECTS
P
E
C Kohala Hydropower Project
P Capacity 1,100 MW
R Project cost $2.4 billion
O
J
E
C
T
S
 Under construction
Projects
Gomal Zam Dams- 17.4 MW
Satpara Dam, skardu- 17.36 MW
Dubbar Khwar, Kohistan- 130 MW
Allai Khwar, Battagram- 121 MW
Jinnah Hydropower-96 MW
 EFFICIENY
Hydro electric power efficiency is nearly 80 %

Solar energy efficiency is almost 20-25 %

Wind energy has efficiency of 60 %

Coal energy is nearly 55 % efficient

 Maintenance
Hydro electric power has a nominal
repair and maintenance cost.
Solar energy power has high repair and
maintenance cost.
Wind energy power having also high
repair cost.
Coal energy has also low maintenance
and repair cost but the problem is coal is
non renewable.
Thank You