Rheology

PHYSICAL PHARMACY II (lec5)

2ND CLASS / PHARMACY COLLEGE
Lecturer: Amina Mudhafar
1
Plastic or Bingham Fluids .1

2. Pseudoplastics fluids ( shear thinning)

3. Dilatant Fluid (shear thickening)

2
3
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA
THIXOTROPY(Gel-Sol-Gel)

Is an isothermal decrease in
apparent viscosity with time under
constant shear rate and followed by a
gradual recovery when the stress is
removed.

THIXIS= STIRRING OR SHAKING

TREPO= TURNING OR CHANGING
SO, THIXOTROPY tells us about the property of changing on stirring.
4
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA
THIXOTROPY(Gel-Sol-Gel)

 Such system contain asymmetric particles forming a loose network

through sample.
 At rest, this structure impart rigidity to system resembling gel.
 As shear applied, the structure begin to break and the material
undergo (Gel-to-Sol) transformation. (The viscosity is reduced)
 Finally, at rest the structure is restored or rebuild again (Sol-to
Gel). (the viscosity is slowly increasing).
 The longer the fluid undergoes shear stress, the lower its viscosity.
5
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA
THIXOTROPY(Gel-Sol-Gel)

6
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA
THIXOTROPY(Gel-Sol-Gel)
The up curve is during application of shear stress.
The down curve is during removal of shear stress.
The down curve is shifted to the right of the up curve due to decrease
in viscosity. ( this happens in plastic and pseudoplastic materials).

Rheogram produced by a
thixotropic pseudoplastic
material.

7
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA
THIXOTROPY(Gel-Sol-Gel)

whereas for dilatant substances the reverse will be true.

Hysteresis loop: Is an indication of breakdown in structure, and the
area within the loop may be used as an index of the degree of
breakdown.

Rheogram produced by a
thixotropic dilatant material.
8
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA
THIXOTROPY(Gel-Sol-Gel)

Examples: yogurt, ketchup, mayonnaise, gelatine, cream, xanthan

gum solutions, many floc suspensions.

9
TIME-DEPENDENT PHENOMENA

shear destruction

In some cases the structure that has been destroyed is

never recovered, no matter how long the system is left
unsheared.
It is suggested that such behavior be re erred to as ‘shear
destruction’ rather than thixotropy.
An example is the gels produced by high molecular weight
polysaccarides, which are stabilized by large numbers of
secondary
10 bonds.
 VISCOELASTICITY

 Viscoelastic measurements are based on the mechanical

properties of materials that exhibit both viscous
properties of liquids and elastic properties of solids.
 Many of the systems studied in pharmacy belong to this
class, examples being creams, lotions, ointments,
suppositories, suspensions, and the colloidal dispersing,
emulsifying, and suspending agents.

11
Pharmaceutical Applications of Rheology

1.The viscosity of creams and lotions may affect the rate of

absorption of the products by the skin.
2. A greater release of active ingredients is generally possible from
the softer, less viscous bases.
3. The rate of absorption of an ordinary suspension differs from
thixotropic suspension.
4. Thixotropy is useful in the formulation of pharmaceutical
suspensions and emulsions. They must be poured easily from
containers (low viscosity)
12
Pharmaceutical areas in which rheology is significant
1. Fluids
a. Mixing
b. Particle-size reduction of disperse systems with shear
c. Passage through orifices, including pouring, packaging in bottles, and
passage through hypodermic needles
d. Fluid transfer, including pumping and flow through pipes e. Physical
stability of disperse systems
2. Quasisolids (semisolids)
a. Spreading and adherence on the skin
b. Removal from jars or extrusion from tubes
c. Capacity of solids to mix with miscible liquids
d. Release of the drug from the base
3. Solids
a. Flow of powders from hoppers and into die cavities in tableting or into
capsules during encapsulation
b. Packagability of powdered or granular solids
4. Processing
a. Production capacity of the equipment
b. Processing
13 efficiency