ADVANCED

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS IN EDUCATION
Presenters:
Hadiqa Bilal
Aniqa Khan
Presented To:
Dr Kiran
 TOPIC:
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS IN EDUCATION
 WHAT IS STATISTICS……….???

• Any raw Data, when collected and organized in the form of

numerical or tables

• Statistics is the science concerned with developing and

studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and
presenting empirical data.
 THE PURPOSE OF STATISTICS:

• Function as a tool in designing research

• Analyzing its data

• Interpret research data

• Drawing conclusions therefrom.

• Most research studies result in a large volume of raw data which must be suitably
reduced so that it can be read easily and can be used for further analysis.
 ROLE OF STATISTICS IN
EDUCATION
• Measurement and evaluation are essential part of teaching
learning process.
• In this process we obtained scores and then interpret these
score in order to take decisions.
• Statistics enables us to study these scores objectively.
• It makes the teaching learning process more efficient.
• It enables the teacher to draw general conclusions
• Helps to draw conclusions as well as extracting conclusions
 CONTINUE….

• Helps the teacher to provide the most exact type

of description:
• When we want to know about the (student) we
administer a test or observe the child.
• Helps the teacher to give an accurate description
of the data (Student’s performance).
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
STATISTICS IN RESEARCH
• Statistics provides a platform for research as to; How to go
about your research, either to consider a sample or the
whole population.
• It should be collected in a systematic manner.
•  It should be collected for a predetermined purpose.
•  A proper plan should be made and trained investigators
• Should be used to collect data so that they may collect
statistics.
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
• In Statistics, the variables or numbers are defined and
categorized using different scales of measurements.
• Each level of measurement scale has specific properties
that determine the various use of statistical analysis.
Four Scales are:
• Ordinal
• Nominal
• Interval
• Ratio
 THEIR APPLICATION

• Nominal and ordinal scales

Qualitative measures: classify Into non numeric
categories
• Interval and ratio scales
Quantitative measures: Its measurements is
numerical
 NOMINAL SCALE
• A nominal scale used to assign events or objects into discrete
categories
• Used for labelling variables
• Recognition of group
• Used as a symbol
• Mostly categorized in two options
• Examples
 Gender (Male OR Female)
Marital status (Married OR Single)
 ORDINAL SCALE:
• Typically, measures of non numeric concepts (like satisfaction level)
• Set of categories that are ordered from least to most.
• It places variables in order/rank
• Permitting to measure the value as higher or lower in scale.
• Examples
Class ranking
Status ( poor, middle, high)
Medical condition (satisfactory, serious, guarded, critical )
 Likert Scale
 LIKERT SCALE
• The original idea for the likert scale is found in Rensis Likert’s 1932 article
in Archive of psychology titled
• A Likert Scale is a type of rating scale used to measure attitudes or opinions.
With this scale, respondents are asked to rate items on a level of agreement.
• It is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs
questionnaires.
• Likert scales are a non-comparative scaling technique and are one-
dimensional in nature.
• For example: Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly disagree
 CONTINUE….
• It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in
survey research.
• When responding to a Likert questionnaire item respondents
specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a
symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements
• Each of the five (or seven) responses would have a numerical
value which would be used to measure the attitude under
investigation.
 ADVANTAGES
  Likert Scale questions use psychometric testing to measure beliefs,
attitudes and opinion.
 Working with quantitative data, it is easy to draw conclusions, reports,
results and graphs from the responses.
 Likert Scale questions use a scale, & people are not forced to express an
either-or opinion, rather it allows them to be neutral.
 It is very easy and quick type of survey and it can be sent out through
all modes of communication, including even text messages.
 LIMITATIONS:

•  They are uni-dimensional, because they only give a certain amount of

choices.
• Previous questions will have influenced responses to any further
questions that have been asked.
• Participants may not be completely honest - which may be intentional or
unintentional.
• Participants may base answers on feelings toward surveyor or subject
• Scale requires a great deal of decision- making.
• can take a long time to analyze the data
 INTERVAL SCALE

• numeric scale that represents not only the order but also
the equal distances between the values of the objects.
• there is the same numerical distance between each value 
• The most popular example is the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit/Celsius
• Example:
• 40°C ---60°C ____70°C ---90°C (20 equal difference)
 RATIO SCALE
• There is: Labelling, Order, Equal Intervals
• Scale with scores where there is the same numerical
distance between each score
• The scale has a true, meaningful zero point that anchors
the scale.
• Only scale that allows you to make ratio comparisons,
such as “Maribel’s income is 35% more than Susan’s”
 TOPIC:
LITERATURE REVIEW
 WHAT IS....???
• Literature review identifies, evaluates and synthesizes the relevant
research topic.
• Refers to a collection of published information.
• It illuminates how knowledge has evolved within the field.
• Highlighting what has already been done.
• What is generally accepted.
• What is emerging.
• What is the current state of thinking on the topic.
• In addition, within research-based texts, a literature review identifies a
research gap.
 LETS’……... CLEAR THE CONCEPT
Literature Review Is
• Collection of text that you have
read and you are interested.
• A synthesis of a range of
sources.
• Descriptive summary of each
and every text relevant to your
research topic.
• Argument of own position in
relation to relevant literature.
Literature Review Is Not
• Presented as a list in which you
discuss each text.
• A place to make explicit
connections between previous
research and your own.
• Compilation of all material
related to your research
• A critical evaluation of sources
related to your research topic.
 MUST HAVE…….

• be organized around the research question you are

developing.
• cohesively summarize results of what is and is not
known.
• identify gaps in the available literature.
• formulate questions that you feel needs further research.
 IMPORTANCE:
• Identification of research problem.
• Generations of useful research questions.
• Orientation of what is known and not known.
• Determination of any gaps and inconsistencies in a body of knowledge.
• Discovery of unanswered questions.
• Identification of conceptual framework for research problem.
• Development of hypothesis to be tested in a research study.
• Helps in planning the methodology of the present research study.
• Identification of suitable design, data collection methods and instrument
for a research study.
 PURPOSE:
• to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a
particular topic.
• to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within the larger
field of study.
• Provide knowledge about the problems faced by the previous
researchers’ while studying the same topic.
• Pont a way forward for further research.
• Identify data sources that other researchers have used.
 SOURCES:
Literature Review can be reviewed from two sources:
PRIMARY SOURCES:
• first hand information
• Sources that are original
• Example: speeches, interview, letters, diaries, books
SECONDARY SOURCES:
• written about primary source
• Provide global description of results
• Example: magazines, reviewed articles, newspaper
 STRUCTURE:
1- Introduction:
• Introduce the purpose and layout
• give the reader a what’s to come
• present point of view/reason
• state scope (what is included and what isn’t included)
2- Body:
• is the center of your work.
• present, analyze, evaluate and synthesize the existing research.
• provide insight into the relation between chosen topic and the wider subject area
• move from a general to the specific focus of your research
3- Conclusion:
• “wrap up”
• pull all the pieces together to set the direction for the rest of research
• Present the key findings
• justify own research by showing how it will help fill one or more of the gaps you just identified.
• Outline areas for future study.
 HOW TO WRITE
LITERATURE REVIEW
 WHAT NEEDS TO GO INTO A
LITERATURE REVIEW…??
• From outside it looks like a paper written chronologically and its goal is
to write 50 pages, which is a fundamental misunderstanding.
• Know exactly what you are looking for.
• Engage in literature research
• Connect sections
• Gather data from oldest to newest
• Focus on recent articles as they had old references
1- Purpose Statement

2- Variables ____ Theory Areas

3- Historical Background

4- Past Researches in chronological order

5- What today’s research recommend for further study.

 HOW DO I GET THE INFORMATION
AND ORGANIZE IT..??

• It’s not a writing task……..It’s a review/search task.

• Think about purpose of statement
• Imagine building a house, find and gather material at once
before manufacturing.
• Give priority to books, dissertations (guide further sources),
journals articles, other print articles
 HOW…….???
1- For each source, immediately photocopy the copyright page, title page and the works cited.
2- Start an assemble line: (in box, file, mail, note)
• Read a source
• Scan table of contents
• Quick scan of theories areas
• Locate sections of applicable text
• Copy at least 5 quotes from each source
• Create a table which includes Year, Type, Citation, Topic, Quote, Page No.
CAUTION: Eat, Drink and Enjoy while gathering the information
• Link the each source with one another and organize it
 ASK QUESTIONS TO
• I’m ready OR I’m confuse YOURSELF….
• Reveal your own process
• Where we are…??
• What are plans…….??
• What you like to accomplish…??
• Where you ready to had next…??
TIP……….
5 sources a week
5 quotes from each source = 25 quotes in a week
Build an environment and spent 6-8 hours 3 days
 HOW DO I KNOW I’M DONE….??
1- Bold/Highlight first line of each paragraph
• Copy paste those first lines
• See if it tells a story concept.??
2- Paragraph open with at least 3 synthesized authors
• Synthesize all available literature
3- Citations are conversations between authors.
• Example: many authors said about it………..What authors say together/individually
• 70% Multiple authors
• 30% individual authors
• This need to saying about what was discovered by researcher of this period
• 4- each citation should end with a summary statement
• Summarize all authors quotes
• Each paragraph has a logical contribution to the draft
 PLATFORMS…………
Platforms/websites to search articles/books etc.
• Pubmed.gov
• Science direct
• Google scholar
• SciHub (for paid articles)
 REFERENCES:

YouTube Videos: (for how to write Literature Review)

• How to Write a Literature Review -- Dr. Guy E White

• How to Write a Literature Review in Research | Academic Writing Tips & Examples | Dr.
Rizwana

• HOW TO WRITE A REVIEW OF LITERATURE | LITERATURE REVIEW

SIMPLIFIED| By Dr. Krishnanand