“

THAT’S ONE SMALL STEP

FOR MAN, ONE GIANT
LEAP FOR MANKIND.

1
 STARS AND
SOLAR SYSTEM
 CONTENTS
⋆ INTRODUCTION
⋆ ABOUT STARS
⋆ WHAT IS GALAXY
⋆ INTRODUCTION ABOUT
CONSTELLATIONS AND IT’S
EXAMPLES
⋆ THE SOLAR SYSTEM
⋆ OTHER CELESTIAL OBJECTS
⋆ STAELLITES
3
 INTRODUCTI
ONIn acient India our
ancestors per formed methodical
observations of sky. Their knowledge of
astronomy was highly advanced for
their time. Passage of the Sun, stars,
moon and planets in the sky helped
them to devise calenders and almanacs.
These were often used by people in their
day to day conduct and a better
understanding of climate and rainfall
patterns for timely sowing and choice
of crops, fixing the dates of seasons and
festivals.
4
STARS
 STARS
⋆ Stars are the most widely recognized astronomical objects, and
represent the most fundamental building blocks of galaxies.
⋆ The age, distribution, and composition of the stars in a galaxy trace
the history, dynamics, and evolution of that galaxy.
⋆ Consequently, the study of the birth, life, and death of stars is central
to the field of astronomy.
⋆ They made mostly of hydrogen and helium that produce light and
heat from the churning nuclear forges inside their cores.

6
 Measuring distances in the universe
Astronomical unit Light-year
⋆ The astronomical unit is a unit ⋆ Large distances are expressed in another
of length, roughly the distance unit known as light year.
from Earth to the Sun and equal ⋆ It is the distance travelled by light in one
to about 150 million kilometres year. Remember that the speed of light is
or ~8 light minutes. about 300,000 km per second.
⋆ Symbol: au or AU or AU ⋆ Thus, the distance of the Sun from the Earth
may be said to be about 8 light minutes.
⋆ The distance of Alpha Centauri is about 4.3
light years.
7 ⋆ Symbol: ly
 Movement
of
stars
⋆ Objects such as stars appear to move across the
sky at night because Earth spins on its axis.
⋆ This is the same reason that the sun rises in the
east and sets in the west.
⋆ Of course, the stars aren't moving relative to the
Earth's position in space

8
Galaxy
 Galaxy
⋆ A large collection of stars and celestial bodies
such as planets, moons, asteroids and comets
bound together to form a gravitational pull
known as galaxy
⋆ Galaxies are classified into elliptical, spiral or
irregular in shape
⋆ Our solar system is located within the disc of
spiral galaxy called Milky Way galaxy
⋆ Our solar system is located within the disc of
spiral galaxy called Milky
10 Way
Constellations
 Constellations
What the word constellation mean?
Basically, constellation is the cluster of stars which make
a pattern or picture . Totally constellations 88 are known.
We will some important ones.
The examples are:
⋆ Ursa Major
⋆ Ursa Minor
⋆ Orion
⋆ Cassiopeia 12
Ursa Major
⋆ The third largest constellation. It is
also known as The Great Bear, The
Big Dipper or The Plough. Seven
bright stars make the shape of Big
Dipper. It is visible in the northern
hemisphere for the whole year. In
India it is commonly known as
Vrihat Saptarishi Mandal. The
seven bright stars are  Dubhe,
Merak, Phecda, Megrez, Alioth,
Mizar, and Alkaid.
13
Ursa Minor
⋆ Known popularly as The Little
Dipper or The Little Bear. It is a
group of seven stars making the shape
of little dipper, with Pole Star at its
end. It is not easy to spot except the
Pole star. It is known as Laghu
Saptarishi Mandal. The Named stars
are
Polaris, Kocab, Pherkad, Yildun, Phe
rkad Minor. 
14
Orion
⋆ Orion is one of the easily identifiable
constellations in the night sky. It is formed
by 81 stars. When these stars are joined
together it depicts a shape of a hunter
holding a shield in his Right Arm , and his
Left Arm lifted. The hunter wears a three
stared belt from which a glittering sword
hangs down. The names of the stars in the
belt are Alnitak , Alnilam, Mintaka. Due to
these stars, it is easy to spot Sirius which
is the brightest star in the night sky.
15
Scorpius
⋆ Scorpius is a huge
constellation situated in
the southern hemisphere
near the heart of the Milky
Way galaxy. It is only
visible during the Summer
Season. A group of seven
stars form the shape of a
scorpion. It is known as
Vrishchika Nakshatra in
India.
16
Cassiopeia
⋆ Cassiopeia is a constellation
visible from the Northern
Hemisphere during the winters. A
group of five stars of this
constellation form a shape that
looks like “M” or “W”. This
constellation has star clusters with
innumerable stars. The names of
the five stars are Alpha, Beta,
Gamma, Delta, Epsilon
17 Cassiopeiae.
Leo Major
⋆ It is normally seen in the Northern
Sky. The word “Leo” means “Lion”
in Latin. A group of nine stars
represent a Crouching Lion. We can
also see another pattern, a group of
six stars resemble a Sickle. The stars
are “Alpha Leonis, Beta Leonis,
Gamma Leonis, Delta Leonis, Theta
Leonis, Kappa Leonis, Lambda
Leonis, Omicron Leonis”
18
 Pleiades
⋆ Pleiades is a group of more than 800 stars
located about 410 light-years from Earth in the
constellation Taurus. It is known as Kruttika in
India

19
The Solar System
 The Solar System
⋆ The Solar System consists of the Sun and its
planetary system of eight planets, their moons,
and other non-stellar objects.
⋆ It formed 4.6 billion years ago from the
gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud.
⋆ All planets have almost circular orbits that lie
within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic plane.

21
 The Sun
⋆ The Sun is the nearest star from us. It is continuously emitting huge amounts of heat and
light.
⋆ The Sun is the almost source of all energy on the Earth, like light
⋆ In fact, the Sun is the main source of heat and light for all the planets.
⋆ Surface temperature: 5,778 K
⋆ Distance to Earth: 149.6 million km
⋆ Age: 4.603 billion years
⋆ Mass: 1.989 × 10^30 kg
⋆ Radius: 696,340 km
⋆ Gravity: 274 m/s²
22
⋆ Moons: 3122 Florence, 90482 Orcus
 Moons of sun
⋆ 3122 Florence is a stony trinary asteroid of the Amor group. It is classified as a
near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid. It measures approximately 5
kilometers in diameter.
⋆ Radius: 2.45 km
⋆ Orbital period: 858 days
⋆ Discovered: 2 March 1981
⋆ Discoverer: Schelte J. Bus
⋆ Orbits: Sun
⋆ Spectral type: S-type asteroid
⋆ Asteroid group: Amor asteroid 23
There is 2 moons for sun but the 2nd moon does not
have proper information
 Mercury
⋆ It's the smallest and first planet in the solar system.
⋆ It takes 88 days to go around the sun once .
⋆ Thus,a year on the earth is equal to four years on mercury .
⋆ It has no atmosphere as a result it can not trap heat .
⋆ The day and the night will be extremely hot and cold.
⋆ The degree of hotness in the day is 430°C and the degree of coldness is
-180°C. It takes 59 days for one rotation on its axis.
⋆ Mercury has the most craters in the Solar System it is because
Mercury’s atmosphere is so weak, the planet has nothing to protect it
against meteor impacts. This has filled its surface of crater impacts and
has given Mercury a very similar look to our Moon.
⋆ The mass of mercury is 5.5 percentage24 of earth’s total mass.
 Venus
⋆ Venus Spins the Opposite Way from the Other
Planets, The temperature on Venus (425 degree
Celsius) is sufficient enough to melt Lead.
⋆ Venus is also referred to as sister planet to Earth
(because of the similarity in their mass and size.)
⋆ Venus is also referred to as sister planet to Earth
(because of the similarity in their mass and size.)

25
 Earth
⋆  The earth is the third planet from the sun
⋆  It is located at the ideal distance from the sun
⋆  It is neither nor hot nor cool
⋆  It has atmosphere ,land and water (in liquid form
)
⋆  It is the only planet in which we could survive
⋆  It is referred to as blue planet
⋆  The earth takes 365 days to revolve around the
sun and one rotation in 24hrs
26
 Mars
⋆ It is fourth planet from the sun
⋆ It is known as red planet Because it contains iron
oxides
⋆ It takes 687 days to complete one revolution
around the Sun . And 24 hrs to complete one
rotation
⋆ It has thin layer of atmosphere and volcanoes
⋆ It has two tiny moons called Phobos and Deimos
27
 Jupiter
⋆ Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun. It is mainly made up of
Hydrogen and some amount of Helium and this is the reason, due this
only this is known as gas giant. It is the Largest and Heaviest planet
in our Solar System. It is easily visible to our naked eyes.
⋆ Jupiter takes 4331 days to complete one revolution around the Sun,
but it takes less than 10 hours to complete one rotation on its axis.
⋆ Jupiter has 53 known and 26 unknown moons. The most popular ones
are Io, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa
⋆ In Jupiter it rains diamonds. Every year a 1000 tonnes of diamonds
rain. A Satellite named Juno was sent to Jupiter to explore it.
28
 Saturn
⋆ Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun. Made up of iron and nickel,
surrounded by liquid hydrogen and helium, with a thick outer gaseous layer.
This is the reason due to which is called as a Gas Giant. It is the second
largest planet but it’s the least dense. Its density is less than water.
⋆ Saturn has an eye-catching Ring System. It is frequently called the ringed
planet. It can be seen from earth using a powerful telescope. It takes 30 years
to complete one revolution and takes less than 11 years to complete a rotation
on its axis.
⋆ Saturn has 62 moons, the largest is Titan (bigger than mercury).
⋆ Average distance from sun is 887,000,000 miles, average temperature is -285˚
degree.
29
 URANUS
⋆ Uranus was discovered by British Astronomer William Herschel.
⋆ It is the second last planet from the Sun .
⋆ It mainly consists of Ammonia, Water, Methane.
⋆ The atmosphere is made up of Hydrogen ,Helium ,methane .
⋆ Uranus rotates on its side because it is tilted at 98°.
⋆ Like Venus, it rotates west to east .
⋆ It takes 84 years to complete one revolution around the Sun and
about 17 hours to complete on rotation on its axis. It has 27
moons
⋆ The biggest moons of Uranus, all of them, have
surface areas smaller than the continent
30
of Australia.
 NEPTUNE
⋆ Neptune was discovered in 1846.
⋆ It is the farthest planet in our solar system.
⋆ Its minimum temperature is -224.2°C.
⋆ The atmosphere consists of Hydrogen ,Helium ,methane along with the traces of
hydrocarbons.
⋆ The gravity is almost as same as the Earth.
⋆ It is the densest planet among the Gas Giants.
⋆ It nearly takes 165 years to complete one revolution around the Sun and 16
hours to complete one rotation on its axis.
⋆ It has 13 known moons.
⋆ Neptune was given the name of the Roman god of the sea due to its bluish-ocean
like colour. 31
 OTHER
CELETRIAL
OBJECTS
 Asteroids

⋆ Asteroids are rich in minerals and water.

Asteroids can have moons, rings and tails.
⋆ The largest asteroid is called Ceres it is also
known as the very small planet.
⋆ Between 1890-2007, nearly 2000 tiny planets
were discovered.

33
 Comets
⋆ As of November 2021 there are 4584 known
comets. However, this represents only a tiny
fraction of the total potential comet population,
as the reservoir of comet-like bodies in the outer
Solar System (in the Oort cloud) is estimated to
be one trillion.the famous comet is Halley's
comet,it was last seen at 1986,it has a orbital
period of about 76 years .when will it come
again? It will be seen in 2062.
34
 Meteoroids, meteors and meteorites
⋆ The Earth’s atmosphere experiences millions of meteors every day.
⋆ A small percentage of meteoroids fly on a path that goes into the Earth’
atmosphere and then back out again, they are known as Earth grazing
fireballs.
⋆ A meteor will become visible to the naked eye between 250,000 and
390,000 feet above the Earth’s surface.
⋆ The Orionid meteor shower, commonly just called the Orionids, is a
popular annual meteor shower that is created from the debris of
Halley’s Comet.
⋆ The largest intact meteorite is Hoba,
35 is an iron meteorite that weighs
SATTELITES
 SATTELITES:
⋆ An object that orbits a planet is called satellite.
⋆ Satellites can be classified as natural and
artificial satellites.
⋆ A celestial object that revolves around a planet is
called natural satellite. Moon is a example of
natural satellite.

37
 MOON OF THE EARTH
⋆ Earth has only one moon. The natural satellite of the earth is Earth. It is the fifth largest
satellite in the solar system.
⋆ It is a Non-Luminous body but becomes visible when the sunlight gets reflected from it.
⋆ It has no atmosphere. That’s why its surface temperature is 100°C in the morning and -
168°C.
⋆ The average distance of the Earth and the Moon is 3,84,400 km .The diameter and mass of
the moon is 3,476 km and 7.35x10.
⋆ The gravitational pull of the Earth is one-sixth of the Earth’s.
⋆ Smallest discover moon is Deimos.
⋆ It takes 27.3 days to make one revolution around the Earth and also same number of days
to make one rotation. Due to this,we always see only one side of the Moon. It’s surface is
dusty and barren. Moon has many craters on it’s surface formed due to Meteorites. As we
saw this topic before this topic. 38
 PHRASES OF MOON
⋆ The moon appears to change in it’s shape every day. It happens because of the
relative motion of the Moon with respect to the Earth and the Sun.
⋆ The different shapes of Moon are known as the Phrases of Moon.
⋆ When the moon is between the Earth and the Sun is far side of the moon is lit and
the ‘near side’ is completely dark.
⋆ This phrase of Moon is referred as new moon. In India , this day is called
amavasaya.
⋆ The crescent moon is seen on the next night of the new moon This phrase of the
moon is referred as Waxing Crescent .
⋆ The lit portion of the moon appears to enlarge after that , this is called as first
quarter.
⋆ After a few days of the first quarter seen, we see with a gibbous moon which is
essentially a full moon with crescent missing. This phrase of moon is called as
waxing gibbous.
⋆ When the moon waxes and further and completely illuminated in the night sky as a
39
full moon. In India we call this as Purnima.
 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE
⋆ A Man Made object that is placed in the orbit of a planet to revolve
around It is called the Artificial Satellite.
⋆ Artificial Satellites are of different types based on the distance at which
they orbit the Earth.
⋆ The Satellites are sent by Humans to observe distant moons , Planets ,
stars and Galaxies ; To monitor the Earth’s weather and climate ; to collect
data for forecasting data; to transfer telephone signals and data across the
world ; to assist in the navigation of ships and aircrafts and also to support
military activities.
⋆ The first activities satellite is SPUTNIK-1 launched by the Sovereign
Union in 1957.
⋆ The first Indian Satellite Aryabhata was launched in 1975.Followed by
Bhaskara I in 1979,Bhaskara II in 1981 , Rohini Series in 1980-83.

40
 THANK YOU
EVERY ONE,HOPE
YOU ALL
ENJOYED OUR
PPT
 CREDITS

⋆ PAVITHRA
⋆ KRISHANI
⋆ YUVANESH.S
⋆ ABINAV ANAND
⋆ GURU RAGHAV

42