Security Level:

GSM PS E2E Signaling

Plane Evaluation and
Optimization Guide www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Content

1 Working Principles

2 General Idea of Analysis Method

3 Cases

4 Related Tools
Background
With rapid growth of PS services, operators focus on user experience in PS
services. PS services have some characteristics, such as complexity (the longest
service chain) and diversity (the most complex sub-services). Therefore, problems
cannot be quickly isolated, located, and optimized by using traditional single-NE
analysis methods.

This document is prepared by the Wireless Network Inventory Solutions Group and
Packet Core Network Architecture & Design Dept, WN department.

This topic relates to the following performance evaluation:

 Attach success rate
 PDP activation success rate
 RAU success rate
 Paging success rate

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 Solution Introduction
SGSN / GGSN MSC / VLR
Um
Gb
Backhaul Backhaul
BSC
BTS Internet
UE HLR

BSC data SGSN data

OMSTAR tool KPI exception record

 Accessibility, retain-ability
 Um quality, transmission quality
 Resource capacity
 Paging capacity
 Attach success rate
 PDP activation success rate
 RAU success rate
Wireless
problem  Paging success rate
Wireless KPI Analysis

 Parameter configuration
Accurate problem location

Upper layer problem  SP sorting analysis

 Top cells analysis  IMEI/IMSI sorting analysis
 Equipment, transmission, antenna fault  DATACOM/CN internal
problem analysis
 Parameter, RF optimization  Capacity analysis and
 Capacity analysis and forecast forecast
CHR exception record

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 Attach Signaling Procedure
Attach success rate (excluding non-network causes) = (Number of successful attaches + Number of failed
attaches due to non-network causes)/Number of attach requests x 100%

Attach success rate (including non-network causes)

= Number of successful attaches/Number of attach
requests x 100%

Non-network causes are as follows:

 Illegal MS
 GPRS service not allowed in this PLMN
 Location Area not allowed
 No suitable Cells in this Location Area
 Roaming not allowed in this Location Area
 Illegal ME
 GPRS services not allowed

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 PDP Activation Signaling Procedure
PDP activation success rate (excluding non-network causes) = (Number of successful PDP activations +
Number of failed PDP activations due to non-network causes)/Number of PDP activation requests x 100%

PDP activation success rate (including non-network

causes) = Number of PDP activations/Number of
PDP activation requests x 100%

Non-network causes are as follows:

 Missing or unknown APN
 Unknown PDP address or PDP type
 User authentication fail
 Service unsupported
 Service unsubscribed
 Operator Determined Barring

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 RAU Signaling Procedures
RAU success rate (excluding non-network causes) = (Number of successful RAU + Number of failed
RAU due to non-network causes)/Number of RAU requests x 100%

RAU success rate (including non-network causes) =

Number of successful RAU/Number of RAU requests
x 100%
Non-network causes are as follows:
 Illegal MS
 LA not allowed
 Roaming not allowed in LA
 No suitable cells in LA
 Illegal ME (Inter RAU)
 GPRS service not allowed (Inter RAU)
 GPRS not allowed in PLMN (Inter RAU)

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Paging Signaling Procedure
The paging success rate reflects the
quality of wireless networks. If the SGSN
receives a paging response from an MS
after sending a GMM-PAGING.req
message over the Gb interface, the paging
in Gb mode is successful. This indicates
that the paged MS can continue
processing services on a network.

Paging success rate = (Number of paging

requests – Number of failed
pagings)/Number of paging requests x
100%

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Content

1 Working Principles

2 General Idea of Analysis Method

3 Cases

4 Related Tools
 Legend
START

Evaluation and optimization process 001

SGSN Data
Huawei

Operator
Collection
Huawei &
Evaluation and optimization steps: Operator

002 NOC
SGSN Data
Step 1: Collect SGSN data; Analysis

Step 2: Analyze the SGSN performance data. Use the MPA tool to Doc-In-001
003
KPI
generate KPI Assessment Report; Evaluation？

No
Step 3: View KPI Assessment Report to check whether KPI reaches the 004

baseline value; Problem Location

Step 4: Perform fault isolation according to the percentage of each failure 006
cause; BSC Data
Collection
Yes

Step 5: Analyze non-wireless network problems according to the CHR 005 007
logs collected from the CN; Analysis and Wireless Problem
Optimization of Analysis
CN Causes Optimization

Step 6: For the failure causes due to wireless side, collect TOP BSC
data; Doc-Out-001

Step 7: Analyze wireless network using data in the OMStar evaluation END

reports.
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Attach Failure Reason Location
Failure Category
Illegal MS
GPRS not allowed in PLMN
LA not allowed
No suitable cells in LA
Roaming not allowed in LA
Illegal ME
GPRS service not allowed
Protocol error
Gr fail
Ge fail
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Cause Suggestion
User subscription Check the user subscription data
Data configuration
Data configuration
Data configuration
Check the configuration strategy
Data configuration
Data configuration
Data configuration
Analyze wireless network
Wireless cause
problems
Link fault Check the link load and status
Link fault Check the link load and status
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PDP Activation Failure Reason Location
Failure Category
Service unsubscribed
Service unsupported
Missing or unknown APN
Unknown PDP address or PDP type
Operator determined barring
User authentication failure
Insufficient network resources
UGBI PDP congestion
Rejected by GGSN
Ge Fail
QoS Negotiation Fail
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Cause Suggestion
User subscription Check the user’s APN
Data configuration Check the user’s address
Data configuration Check the user’s APN
Data configuration Check the user’s address
Check whether the MSs have incorrectly
Data configuration
subscribed to the ODB
Check user’s authentication information in
Wireless cause
the HLR, analyze the wireless problem
System resource Check CN resource
System resource Check the PDP resource in UGBI board
GGSN resource or Check the resource or configuration of
link fault GGSN
Link fault Check the link load and status
Check the MSs' QoS information subscribed
User subscription
in the HLR
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RAU Failure Reason Location
Failure Category
Protocol error
MS identity cannot be delivered by
the network
Implicitly detached
No suitable cells in LA
Roaming not allowed in LA
LA not allowed
Gr fail
Illegal ME
GPRS service not allowed
GPRS not allowed in PLMN
Illegal MS
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Cause Suggestion
Wireless or MS fault Analyze wireless network problems
DNS fault Check the DNS and link status
Wireless or MS fault Analyze wireless network problems
Data configuration Check the configuration strategy
Data configuration Check the configuration strategy
Data configuration Check the configuration strategy
HLR or Gr link fault Check the link load and status
Terminal reason Very rare, no need to analysis
Check the HLR status, user’s authentication
Data configuration
information in the HLR
Check the HLR status, and user’s
Data configuration authentication information in the HLR
, operator's strategy
Check the HLR status, and user’s
Subscriber cause authentication information in the HLR
, or terminal problem
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Analysis and Optimization of BSS

Step 1: Use the OMStar tool to

generate Excel Report;

Step 2: View the Network

Performance Audit worksheet in excel
report, analyze the failure causes of
KPI;

Step 3: Analyze the failure causes of

TOP cells;

Step 4: Analyze the affecting factors of

failure;

Step 5: Optimize the TOP cells.

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Analysis of Paging Failure Reason - CN
Step 1: Check the paging success rate of Timer configurations:
whole network;
 Timer T3212 for specifying the
Step 2: Register traffic statistics based on duration of periodic location
routing areas manually on the LMT If the
paging success rate is lower than its updates
baseline value;  Implicit detach duration
 Paging duration
Step 3: Check the timer and paging policy
configurations on the CN;
Number of Paging policies:
Number of PS
Number of PS Times No PS  P-TMSI paging/IMSI paging
Paging
Pagings in Gb Paging
Success Rate
Mode Response in  Routing area paging/cell paging
in Gb Mode
Gb Mode
 Number of pagings
　 　 　

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Analysis of Paging Failure Reason - BSS
The affecting factors of paging in BSS including: Equipment resource, RF
resource, Um quality.
MS did BTS did
PS paging
Paging BSC not not UL TBF
delete or
exception discard receive receive immediate
timeout due
due to Gb paging PS paging the MS PS assignment
to CCCH
discard message message paging failure
congestion
from BTS response

High link XPU high CCCH Um Um

Um abnormal
error or load congestion abnormal abnormal
congestion
on Gb Insufficient
LAPD PDCH
congestion
Insufficient
DSP

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Content

1 Working Principles

2 General Idea of Analysis Method

3 Cases

4 Related Tools
Russia MTS Problem Background
 Background
Russia‘s MTS project is the relocation project of Huawei relocation of Nokia Siemens
Networks, network KPIs can not meet customer requirements, impact of customer
acceptance. The SGSN as follows: VLD, IRK, SKH.

 Description of the problem

KPI VLD IRK SKH Baseline Conclusion
Below the baseline, need to
2G attach success rate 98.42% 98.40% 95.54% 97%
optimize.
2G PDP activate success rate 98.07% 99.61% 99.66% 98% Normal
Below the baseline, need to
2G Inter RAU success rate 2.50% 17.26% 0.00% 97%
optimize.
2G Intra RAU success rate 98.05% 98.10% 97.54% 95% Normal
Below the baseline, customer
2G paging success rate 94.06% 86.27% 87.76% 90% doesn't care about, do not need
to optimize.

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Optimization Results
After modify the parameter
“BS_PA_MFRMS” of one BSC,
analyze the performance of SGSN
SKH and BSC.
The 2G GPRS attach success
rate(non-network cause) increased
0.6%, 2G GPRS attach success
rate increased 5% to 6%.

After optimization, the

number of delete of
paging for CS services and
PS services reduced to 0.

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Cases 1 - Unreasonable parameters setting in CN
Proportion
IMSI Failure times of total
The attach success rate of SGSN SKH is failures
lower, the main reason is GPRS services 250014750534658 1348 6.97%
not allowed and protocol error, proportion of 250014760237734 740 3.82%
total failures is 71% and 27%. 250017340127713 640 3.31%
250017340127725 624 3.22%
By analysis of CHR, the sub-reason of 250017350492743 598 3.09%
GPRS services not allowed is User does not 250014750609095 597 3.08%
250017340127719 589 3.04%
signed the GPRS service and User arrears
250017340127718 577 2.98%
down. TOP 16 user accounts for about 50% 250014760237736 561 2.90%
of the total number of failures. 250017340127728 527 2.72%
250017340127724 500 2.58%
Check TOP subscription information in the 250014760237738 466 2.41%
HLR, necessary, to establish the user trace 250014750262852 433 2.24%
and guide the user's behavior. 250014750710097 415 2.14%
250014750594904 401 2.07%
250014750594907 392 2.03%

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Cases 2 - Leak of DNS configuration in CN
Failure Proportion of
SGSN Failure reason
times total failures The inter-RAU success rate of three SGSN
MS identity cannot be
191 85.27% are lower than baseline, and all lower than
VLD derived by the network
Implicitly detached 33 14.73%
20%. The main reason is MS identity cannot
MS identity cannot be
118 76.62%
be derived by the network and implicitly
IRK derived by the network
detached.
Implicitly detached 36 23.38%
MS identity cannot be
14 73.68%
SKH derived by the network By analysis of CHR, the sub-reason of MS
Implicitly detached 5 26.32%
identity cannot be derived by network is DNS
leakage with the relationship of routing area
and SGSN. The sub-reason of implicitly
detached is wireless cell’s problem.

Need customers add the routing area and

SGSN relations based on the operating
strategy.

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Cases 3 - Unreasonable paging parameters setting in BSS
Analyze the KPI of TOP cells, the downlink Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of
Deletions of Expiries of Deletions of Expiries of multi-
TBF establishment success rate of most of CellID LAC
the Paging
for CS
the Paging
for CS
the Paging
for PS
the Paging frames in a
for PS cycle on the
Services on Services on Services on Services on paging
cells is low, and main reason is low downlink the PCH the PCH the PCH the PCH channel

immediate assignment success rate. 10132 20420 0 49 0 566

6_M_PERIO
D
PS immediate assignment is send in PCH 10301 20420 0 90 8 450
6_M_PERIO
D
6_M_PERIO
channel, from right table, you can see the 10522 20420 0 89 0 690
D
6_M_PERIO
10682 20420 0 16 0 161
PCH channel congest and almost all cells D
6_M_PERIO
20252 20420 0 0 0 36
D
are timeout. 6_M_PERIO
20272 20420 0 62 0 539
D
6_M_PERIO
20281 20420 0 1 0 20
D
6_M_PERIO
20522 20420 0 680 34 3912
D

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Cases 4 - Frequency planning in BSS
100.00%
The downlink interference rate is high in this 99.00%
BSC. From the whole network frequency
98.00% 0.99%
planning, BCCH and TCH frequency 2.28%
Weak Coverage
overlapped, and all uses baseband frequency 97.00%
Interference
hopping mode. 96.00%
HQI

1.40% 95.00%

1.20% 94.00%
Uplink Downlink
1.00%

0.80%
BCCH Utilization The HQI is normal due to low
0.60% TCH Utilization

0.40%
traffic, as traffic increase, the
0.20% interference problem will be
0.00%
29 35 41 47 53 59 65 588 594 600 606 612 618 624 630 636 642 648 654 more serious.

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Cases 5 - Co-channel or adjacent-channel interference in BSS
The cell 20252 ， downlink HQI （ quality
0~3 ） rate is 86.88%, downlink interference
rate is 11.82% .
As shown below, cell 20252 and it‘s neighbor
cell 21382 has adjacent frequency, and the
distance is 1.16km.

As shown above, the BCCH frequency

of cell 20252 and the TCH frequency of
cell 21703 is adjacent, and the direction
is oblique opposite.

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Content

1 Working Principles

2 General Idea of Analysis Method

3 Cases

4 Related Tools
 OMStar

Development
GSM Module UTMS Module
Platform

OMStar Platform

 For details about how to obtain SOP documents and tools, see the Overview of Supporting
Documents&Tools for Wireless Maintenance. In this document, the NIC and OMStar
versions corresponding to different BSC versions and their download paths are listed:
http://support.huawei.com/support/pages/news/NewsInfoAction.do?doc_id=IN0000036873&
colID=ROOTENWEB|CO0000002672&actionFlag=view
Notes: OMSTAR tools release new version every two months, you can get the latest version from SUPPORT website
before use!

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Thank you
www.huawei.com